边疆治理视角下清代乌里雅苏台地区的内地商民贸易研究

Research on Inland Merchants in Uliastai in the Qing Dynasty from the Perspective of Frontier Governance

清代内地商民前往乌里雅苏台地区,乃随军贸易产物。他们将内地百货贩往漠北地区,同时又将该地区所产牲畜毛皮等贩回内地,并形成了以乌里雅苏台为中心,联络内地与北疆、中国与外部的贸易“丝路”。内地商民的前往满足了清廷对漠北新疆地区征战设治的需要,活跃了各族经济。内地商民与乌里雅苏台地方衙门间存在既冲突又合作的关系。清代乌里雅苏台地区内地商民之商业经历了一个从兴到衰,并被彻底逐离的过程,其衰落是多种因素导致的结果。内地商民的存在对清代中国北疆治理曾发挥过积极作用,但商民自身存在的问题以及清廷管理的不足反过来又影响到这一边疆地区的治理。

During the Qing Dynasty,the inland merchants often journeyed to Uliastai,which served as a trade resulting from the military’s presence in the region.They sold goods from the mainland to Mobei(the north of the Gobi Desert)while also trading livestock and furs produced in the region back to the mainland and formed a trade“Silk Road”centered on Uliastai,connecting the mainland with northern Xinjiang,China and the outside world.The arrival of merchants from the mainland met the government’s needs for establishing governance in Mobei,and revitalized the economies of all ethnic groups.However,there were both conflicts and cooperations between the inland merchants and the local government of Uliastai.In the Qing Dynasty,the business of the inland merchants in Uliastai experienced a process from prosperity to decline,and was completely driven away.The decline was the result of many factors.The existence of inland merchants played a positive role in the governance of northern China in the Qing Dynasty,but the problems of the merchants themselves and the lack of management by the Qing government in turn affected the governance of the area.