财产性数据的规范属性与刑法保护方案

Normative Attribute and Protection of Property Data in Criminal Law

财产性数据是指具有可被利用的经济价值且该价值能被市场客观化确定的数据,包括一般数据、大数据集合体、大数据产品、流量数据、数字货币、虚拟财产等。根据数据流通和集合的原理,一般数据和大数据集合体的价值来源于数据流通,无法确立财产权,而流量数据体现了企业的竞争利益,也无法被视为财物,故而这三类数据都不应被纳入财产犯罪中保护。数字货币和虚拟财产之上只能确立债权,可以被解释进诈骗罪构成要件范围,但仍有必要建立专门的计算机诈骗罪和数据变更罪予以保护。大数据产品的价值来源于知识产权,在与财产犯罪存在竞合的情况下,应当使用更为具体的侵犯商业秘密罪保护。除了财产犯罪之外,我国当前的计算机犯罪也无法完全覆盖对财产性数据的保护,因而应当转变刑法保护观念,从权利确认转为秩序维护,同时衔接《数据安全法》中的相关规定,规制非法窃取数据行为,落实交易秩序和安全保障义务。

Property data is data that has an economic value that can be exploited and that value can be objectively determined by the market,including general data,big data aggregates,big data products,traffic data,digital currency,virtual property,etc.According to the principles of data circulation and aggregation,general data and big data aggregates derive their value from data circulation and cannot establish property rights,while flow data embodies the competitive interests of enterprises and cannot be considered as property,therefore all three types of data should not be protected in property crimes.Digital currency and virtual property can only be established above claims,which can be interpreted as constituting elements of fraud,but it is still necessary to establish a special computer fraud crime and data alteration crime to protect.The value of big data products derives from intellectual property rights and should be protected using the more specific offence of trade secret infringement where there is competition with property crimes.In addition to property crimes,China’s current computer crime can not fully cover the protection of property data,and therefore should change the concept of criminal law protection,from the confirmation of rights to the maintenance of order,while linking the relevant provisions of the Data Security Law to regulate the illegal theft of data,the implementation of the transaction order and security obligations.