马尔库塞“异化”理论视域下的人类困境和超越向度

The Human Dilemma and Transcendence Dimension from the Perspective of Marcuse’s“Alienation”Theory

马尔库塞以批判性的视角指出“后工业化社会”表现为以技术控制实现对人的统治,因技术混淆了人内心的真实需求,其根源在于人的“异化”,实质是“科学至上”“技术至上”成为整个社会自觉的价值追求,无产阶级沦落为劳动工具和等价物,陷入“单向度”的桎梏。基于动态变化的资本主义政治、经济和文化背景,马尔库塞以马克思“自由个性”思想为指引,提出了“异化”理论。他在阐述文化、社会、政治、经济、生态五大领域人异化为“工具理性”并研究其内在联系的基础上得出结论,认为实现人的全面发展,必须引导人们树立健康向上、理性发展的价值理念。科技带给人们的负面效应,要在技术运用过程中加以有效规范和控制,把负面影响降到最低程度。

Marcuse pointed out from a critical perspective that“post-industrial society”is characterized by the domination of humans through technological control.Technology confuses the real needs of human beings,the root of which lies in the“alienation”of humans.The essence is that“supremacy of science”and“supremacy of technology”have become the conscious value pursuit of the whole society,while the proletariat has been reduced to a tool and equivalent of labor,and has fallen into the shackles of“one-way”.Based on the dynamically changing political,economic and cultural background of capitalism,Marcuse proposed the theory of“alienation”guided by Marx’s idea of“free individuality”.On the basis of his elaboration of the alienation of human beings into“instrumental rationality”in the five major fields of culture,society,politics,economy and ecology,as well as his study of their internal relations,he concluded that people must be guided to establish the value of healthy and rational development in order to achieve comprehensive human development.The negative effects of technology on people should be effectively regulated and controlled in the process of technology application to minimize the negative effects.