英国艾德礼政府养老保障制度探析

The British Pension Security System in the Administration of Attlee

英国养老保障制度经历了20世纪初期的实践探索和20世纪30、40年代的理论完善,至二战后艾德礼政府时期正式确立。艾德礼政府养老保障制度改革,推动了社会的稳定发展,制定了养老保障原则,使英国成为真正意义上的福利国家。但养老保障金的高额需求和老年人口数量不断增加,加重了养老保障支出,导致政府不得不实行高税收政策;同时定额养老金制忽略了贫富差异,引发民众强烈不满,最终导致工党政府垮台。养老保障制度建设是一个复杂过程,必须基于国情内生养老保障战略,注重顶层设计,既要与国家发展相协调,也要避免因人口老龄化而导致国家二次改革的风险。

The British pension security system underwent practical exploration in the early 20th century and theoretical refining in the 1930s and 1940s,and was formally established after World War II by the Attlee administration.The Attlee government’s pension reform promoted the stable social growth and formulated the principle of pension security,making Britain a true welfare state.However,the high demand for old-age pension and the growing of the elderly population have exacerbated the expenditure on old-age pension,prompting the government to implement a high tax policy;at the same time,the flat-rate pension system ignored the difference between the rich and the poor,causing strong public dissatisfaction and eventually leading to the Labor government’s demise.The construction of pension security system is a complex process that must be based on an endogenous strategy for pension security in the national context,with attention paid to the top-level design,in order not only to harmonize with national development,but also to avoid the risk of secondary reforms of the State as a result of population aging.