近代外国旅行考察记中黑龙江下游的民族志书写

Ethnographic Writing in the Lower Reaches of Heilongjiang River in Modern Foreign Travel and Investigation Records

18世纪末以来,随着域外殖民势力在东北亚的争夺加剧,日本、俄罗斯、美国、英国等对黑龙江流域开展了一系列以探险和考察为名义的间谍和渗透活动,相继出版了多部旅行考察记。除了日本人类学家、考古学家鸟居龙藏的《东北亚洲搜访记》出版于20世纪初之外,绝大多数关于黑龙江下游的外国旅行考察记形成于1858年中俄《瑷珲条约》签订之前,说明这些外国旅行考察记具有鲜明的搜集情报目的,因而决定了这些侦查记录性质的文本具有相对准确和全面的特点。这些旅行考察记作品大多能够基本遵从当时民族志研究的基本方法,通过较为细致的观察和与对象居民有限的交往和互动,多方面地呈现了18世纪末至20世纪初黑龙江下游果尔特人(那乃人)、山旦人(鄂伦春人)、满珲人(乌尔奇人)、涅吉达尔人、基立亚克人(尼夫赫人)等民众的物质生活和精神世界。

Since the end of the 18th century,with the intensified competition of foreign colonial powers in Northeast Asia,Japan,Russia,the United States,the United Kingdom and other countries have carried out a se-ries of espionage and infiltration activities in the name of exploration and investigation in the lower reaches of the Heilongjiang River.A travel report around the Heilongjiang River Basin.Except for Torii Ryuzo’s A Survey of Northeast Asia,which was published in the early 20th century,most of the foreign travel records in the lower reaches of the Heilongjiang River were formed before the Sino-Russian“Aigun Treaty”was signed in 1858,in-dicating that they have clear intelligence the purpose of the collection therefore determines that the texts of the nature of these investigation records are accurate and comprehensive.Most of these travel and investigation works can basically follow the basic methods of ethnographic research at that time.Through more detailed obser-vation and limited communication and interaction with the target residents,they present the Goertes(Nanai),Shandan(Oroqen),Manhun(Urchi),Negidar,Kiryak(Nivkh)and other aboriginal people’s material life and spiritual world from the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century.