远程缺血预处理在提升运动表现中的应用效果及作用机制

Effects and Mechanism of Remote Ischemic Preconditioning on Enhancing Exercise Performance

远程缺血预处理(remote ischemic preconditioning,RIPC)是指对某一器官(或组织)进行短暂非致死性缺血处理后,可对后发生缺血事件的远隔器官(或组织)产生保护作用或功能激活的现象。近年来,RIPC作为一种无创、简易、经济、安全的方法,在运动训练领域引起了越来越多的关注,但国内鲜见对于其应用效果和作用机制的研究。梳理前期研究表明,运动前进行RIPC可一定程度提高机体有氧能力、无氧能力、骨骼肌抗疲劳能力和促进抗阻训练早期力量增长。RIPC产生效果的主要机制包括调节血管收缩、降低运动中疲劳感或疼痛感、提高骨骼肌的代谢效率等。RIPC可诱导机体产生一氧化氮、腺苷、缓激肽、阿片类物质等内源性因子,并通过调节神经反射通路对提升运动表现产生积极影响。目前,对RIPC的研究仍存在争议,其发挥积极作用的影响因素较多,包括缺血预处理干预方案、干预部位、干预组织体积、重复次数、与运动开始间隔时间等。RIPC作为提升运动表现的一种新方法,其作用机制有待进一步深入研究,相关作用途径和靶点仍需要深入挖掘,同时应注重探讨RIPC在运动科学领域和临床医学应用中的异同点,结合不同运动专项特点提高RIPC的实践应用价值。

Remote ischemic preconditioning(RIPC)refers to the fact that a brief non-lethal ischemic treatment of an organ(or tissue)can protect or activate functions of the distant organ(or tissue)from the subsequent ischemic events.In recent years,studies show that RIPC as a non-invasive,simple,economical and safe method,has attracted much more attention in the field of sports training in China.However,its effects and mechanisms are still unclear.Previous researches have indicated that RIPC before exercise can improve aerobic capacity,anaerobic capacity,skeletal muscle fatigue resistance and promote the early strength growth in resistance training to a certain extent.The main mechanisms of RIPC’s effects include regulating vasoconstriction,reducing fatigue or pain during exercise,and improving the metabolic efficiency of skeletal muscles.RIPC can induce the production of endogenous factors such as nitric oxide,adenosine,bradykinin and opioids in the body,meanwhile,it can also enhance exercise performance by regulating neural reflex pathways.At present,there are still some controversies about RIPC and many factors that influence its positive effects,such as ischemic preconditioning intervention protocol,intervention site,intervention tissue volume,number of repetitions,and interval between exercise onset,etc.As a new method to enhance exercise performance,the mechanisms of RIPC needs to be further investigated,and the relevant pathways and targets still need to be further explored.At the same time,the similarities and differences between RIPC in the field of sports science and clinical medicine should be deeply discussed,and the practical application value of RIPC should be enhanced by combining the characteristics of different sports specialties.