宋代语气副词“先来”的用法及历时演变

The Usage and Diachronic Evolution of the Mood Adverb"XianLai(先来)"in Song Dynasty

本文从共时层面上探讨了宋代语气副词“先来”的语法特征,从历时层面上探讨了“先来”的语义来源、演变路径、演变机制与动因。“先来”的“先”为仄声。“先来X,还/又/更Y”“先来X,那堪/那更/怎禁Y”是消极递进的结构,表示言者对已有事态“逆势而为”的无奈与埋怨。“先来”的演变路径为:时间副词“先”+词缀“来”>时间副词“先来”>语气副词“先来”。类推、语用推理、隐喻、主观化在“先来”的演变过程中发挥了重要作用。在同义副词替代、“先来”跨层结构竞争、“先来”使用语境局限和“先来”语音、语义歧解的影响下,语气副词“先来”在元代消失,现代汉语普通话已不再使用“先来”。

This paper discusses the grammatical features of the mood adverb"XianLai(先来)"in Song Dynasty,and discusses the semantic origin,evolution path,evolution mechanism and motivation of"XianLai(先来)"from the diachronic perspective.The word"XianLai(先来)"is a flat tone.The structure of"XianLai(先来)X,hai(还)/you(又)/geng(更)Y""XianLai(先来)X,nakan(那堪)/nagen(那更)/zenjin(怎禁)Y"is a negative and progressive structure,indicating the speaker's helplessness and complaint about the situation"against the trend".The evolution path of"XianLai(先来)"is as follows:time adverb"Xian(先)"+affix"Lai(来)">time adverb"XianLai(先来)">mood adverb"XianLai(先来)".Analogy,pragmatic inference,metaphor and subjectivity play an important role in the evolution of"XianLai(先来)".Under the influence of the substitution of synonymous adverbs,the competition of cross-layer structure of"XianLai(先来)",the contextual limitation of the use of"XianLai(先来)"and the phonetic and semantic ambiguity of"XianLai(先来)",the mood adverb"XianLai(先来)"disappeared in Yuan Dynasty,and"XianLai(先来)"is no longer used in modern Mandarin.