有机无机配施及亏缺灌溉对关中地区冬小麦生长及氮素利用效率影响

Effects of organic and inorganic fertilization and deficit irrigation on winter wheat growth and nitrogen utilization efficiency in Guanzhong region

研究不同比例有机无机肥配施与亏缺灌溉耦合作用下,冬小麦氮素累积、转运利用效率以及土壤硝态氮分布等状况,探求提高关中地区冬小麦产量的适宜有机无机配施比以及相应的亏缺灌溉量,为该地区冬小麦的高产高效提供科学有效的水肥管理。结合2个水平的灌溉(充分灌溉W1和亏缺灌溉W2),采用等氮的原则,对有机肥与无机肥按照不同比例混施(F1∶100%化肥、F2∶24%有机肥和76%化肥混施、F3∶48%有机肥和52%化肥混施),研究亏缺灌溉与有机无机肥配施对冬小麦氮素转运及利用效率影响和土壤硝态氮分布情况。有机无机配施能有效促进作物生长,显著增加作物籽粒产量以及显著提高开花期后氮素累积、分配和转运。在充分灌溉W1条件下,F2和F3处理的籽粒产量较F1处理提高12.0%~28.6%;亏缺灌溉W2条件下,有机肥处理的小麦籽粒产量提高16.6%~31.8%。在相同灌溉条件下,成熟期F2和F3处理相对F1处理,冬小麦氮素累积量、向籽粒转运量和氮肥生产效率分别提高了12.8%~40.4%、11.9%~36.5%、13.0%~31.6%;相同有机无机配施比例下(F2和F3),冬小麦亏缺灌溉W2处理下各种氮素吸收利用指标高于充分灌溉W1处理10.0%~28.5%。有机无机肥配施能够显著提高不同土层土壤硝态氮含量,在相同灌溉条件下,在0~100 cm土层F3处理硝态氮含量分别较F1和F2处理增加了66.4%~76.4%和1.2%~13.9%;相同有机无机配施比例下(F2和F3),在0~100 cm土层W1处理F1、F2、F3土壤硝态氮含量分别低于W2处理15.1%、9.9%、19.9%。48%化肥和52%有机肥配施、亏缺灌溉(50%)处理是该试验条件下冬小麦高产高效的最佳水肥管理模式。

The effects of different proportion of organic and inorganic fertilizers,combined with deficit irrigation,on nitrogen accumulation,transport and utilization efficiency of winter wheat,soil nitrate distribution,etc.were studied to explore the suitable proportion of organic and inorganic fertilizers and the corresponding deficit irrigation for winter wheat production,and provide scientific and effective water and fertilizer management for high yield of winter wheat in the region.Two levels of irrigation(full irrigation W1 and deficit irrigation W2),three proportions of organic and inorganic fertilizers at same nitrogen level(F1:100%inorganic fertilizer;F2:24%organic fertilizer combined with 76%inorganic fertilizer;F3:48%organic fertilizer combined with 52%inorganic fertilizer)were set up.The results showed that the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers effectively promoted the crop growth,significantly increased grain yield,nitrogen accumulation,distribution,and transport after the flowering period.Under W1 and W2 conditions,the grain yield of F2 and F3 increased by 12.0%-28.6%and 16.6%-31.8%,respectively,compared with F1.Under the same irrigation condition,the nitrogen accumulation amount,transport amount to grain,and nitrogen production efficiency of F2 and F3 in maturity period increased by 12.8%-40.4%,11.9%-36.5%,13.0%-31.6%,respectively,compared with F1.Under the same ratio of organic to inorganic(F2 and F3),the nitrogen absorption and utilization indicators of W2 were 10.0%-28.5%higher than those of W1.Combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers significantly improved the soil nitrate nitrogen content of different soil layers.Under the same irrigation conditions,the nitrate nitrogen content of 0-100 cm soil layer of F3 increased by 66.4%-76.4%and 1.2%-13.9%,respectively,compared with that of F1 and F2.Under the same organic and inorganic ratio(F2 and F3),the soil nitrate nitrogen content of F1,F2,F3 under W1 condition at 0-100 cm soil layer was 15.1%,9.9%and 19.9%lower than that of F1,F2,F3 under W2 condition,respectively.48%organic fertilizer mixed with 52%inorganic fertilizer,combined with deficit irrigation(50%)treatment is the optimum water and fertilizer management for winter wheat to obtain high yield.