国内外有机肥料相关标准比对研究

Comparative study on relevant standards of organic fertilizer in China and foreign countries

为了探明有机肥料国内外标准的情况和差异,调研、分析并选择中国、美国、日本、欧盟、英国、德国和俄罗斯的相关肥料标准和相关技术法规,选取有机质质量分数、基本养分含量、重金属和砷元素限量、病原体残余4个指标,进行标准比对,并得出结论:(1)在有机肥料基本养分和重金属限量方面,我国的台湾地区和香港特别行政区对于有机肥料进行了详细的类别和用途区分。(2)在有机肥料重金属限量方面,欧盟规定的更为严格。我国对于铅和砷的限量标准比大多数其他国家的标准要求更为严格。(3)在病原体残余方面,俄罗斯标准的规定是所有国家中最为严格。(4)在放射性元素方面,日本因受到福岛核电站事故的影响,对肥料中的放射性元素铯含量做了暂行规定。(5)有机肥料中的总养分和有机质质量分数这两项指标,与各个国家和地区的土壤环境、耕种作物的品种、传统以及历史沿革有密切联系,它能够反映各地区土壤条件差异,但不代表相关标准间的优劣差别。

In order to find out the situation and differences of standards for organic fertilizer at home and abroad,we investigated,analyzed and selected the standards and relevant technical regulations of China,the United States,Japan,European Union,the United Kingdom,Germany and Russia,and selected four indicators:mass fraction of organic matter,content of basic nutrients,limit of heavy metals and arsenic,and pathogen residue for standard comparison.The conclusions are as follows:(1)In terms of the limit of basic nutrients and heavy metals of organic fertilizers,Chinese Taiwan region and Hong Kong special administrative region have made a detailed classification and use of organic fertilizers.(2)In terms of heavy metal limits for organic fertilizers,European Union regulations are more stringent.The limit standards of plumbum and arsenic in China are stricter than those in most other countries.(3)In terms of pathogen residue,the Russian standard is the most stringent in all countries.(4)In terms of radioactive elements,Japan has made interim provisions on the content of radioactive element cesium in fertilizers due to the accident of Fukushima nuclear power plant.(5)The two indicators of total nutrients and organic matter mass fraction in organic fertilizer are closely related to the soil environment,varieties,traditions and historical evolution of cultivated crops in various countries and regions.It can reflect the differences of soil conditions in various regions,but does not represent the advantages and disadvantages of relevant standards.