儿童中心视角下我国儿童基本生活需要和缺失研究——基于东西部地区儿童群体的调查

Children’s Perception of the Necessities and Deprivation of Basic Living in China:Based on a Survey of Two Groups of Children in the Eastern and Western Areas

从多维角度衡量儿童基本生活需要和缺失问题,对探索我国脱贫后儿童相对贫困治理及提升儿童福祉具有重要意义。作为一个基于儿童中心视角识别儿童的基本需要的探索性研究,在剥夺和社会排斥框架下,运用Alkire-Foster(AF)方法测度并比较东西部地区儿童群体所感知的多维缺失的状况。结果表明:以儿童为中心构建的指标体系与成人预设的框架不同,成人设计的指标体系多关注儿童基本生存需要而忽视儿童的社会性需要;经济发展地域性失衡影响儿童对于基本生活需要的感知,经济欠发达地区儿童更容易陷入深度长期的剥夺,经济发达地区儿童所感知到的社会排斥更加多元、普遍;区分让儿童感知到剥夺和社会排斥的因素能够作为未来缓解儿童多维贫困、提升儿童福祉的重点。对于经济欠发达地区的政策需要继续扩大对当地儿童及其家庭的支持,改善儿童在医疗、能源和学习资源需求方面的匮乏。对于经济发达地区而言,儿童政策需要转向公共服务和社区支持,以减少儿童的多元排斥感。

Measuring children’s basic needs and deprivation from a multidimensional perspective is of great significance for exploring relative poverty governance and improving children’s well-being.As an exploratory study,this paper identifies the basic needs of children based on the perspective of children,and further uses the Alkire-Foster(A-F)method to measure and compare the multidimensional deficits of children in the eastern and western regions under the framework of deprivation and social exclusion.The results show that a child-centered indicator system is different from the framework preset by adults.Specifically,adults pay more attention to children’s survival needs and ignore children’s social needs.Second,regional imbalances in economic development affect children’s perception of basic living needs.Children in economically disadvantaged areas are more likely to develop a deep and long-term sense of deprivation,while children in economically developed areas perceive more social exclusion.Lastly,identifying the factors that contribute to children’s perception of deprivation and social exclusion will be a future focus for alleviating multidimensional child poverty and promoting child well-being.For economically disadvantaged areas,it is crucial to expand support for children and their families,improve children’s health and satisfy children’s needs for energy and learning resource.However,for economically developed regions,child policies need to shift towards public services and community support to reduce children’s feelings of multidimensional social exclusion.