情理之间——再论唐代招魂葬

Between Sense and Sensibility:Further Discussion on the Evocation Burial in the Tang Dynasty

通过辨析唐墓中明确采用招魂葬的墓葬实例,结合相关文献,可观察唐代招魂葬的基本面貌。研究表明,唐代招魂葬不埋葬尸骨,但有“替代形体”在场,招魂葬广泛流行于不同阶层中,且成为部分人群的主动选择。中古时期招魂葬由俗入礼的过程,反映了晋唐之间生死观念的变迁,传统“形神异制,墓庙大分”的观念淡化,墓葬藏形与藏神并存。此外,招魂葬的流行也反映了时人在情理之间所寻求到的平衡,在“以孝治国”的大背景下,制定和调整礼制的过程中,人情成为重要的影响因素。

The evocation burial was a kind of special burial used when the corpse was unavailable due to unnatural death and other reasons.It was initially inconsistent with the traditional etiquette and thus often caused controversy.However,the evocation burial became popular in the early Eastern Jin Dynasty and was finally adopted into the official institution of funerary rites during the Tang Dynasty.Complex reasons led to this change.This paper aims to observe the representation of evocation burials in the Tang Dynasty through recognizing the Tang tombs in which the tomb occupants were buried by the way of evocation in combination with the analysis of relevant literature.First,the research shows that,substitute bodies were buried in graves when the physical corpses were absent.Second,the evocation burial was prevalent among different classes.Finally,burying the souls of the deceased became an individual choice for some families,which resulted in some of the deceased having two graves:one for the body and one for the soul.There are two reasons for the popularity of the evocation burial in the Tang Dynasty.On the one hand,the concepts of life and death had changed from the Eastern Jin to the Tang.During the Tang era,the traditional idea"form differs from spirit,grave differs from ancestral temple"had been weakened.The Tang people were inclined to believe that the soul can go anywhere.Consequently,they sacrificed in both tombs and ancestral temples,and buried both body and soul in graves.On the other hand,the evocation burial had gained official acceptance and was protected by the law,which was closely related to the Tang rulers'notion"ruling the county with filial piety".During the course of formulating and adjusting the etiquette system,people's emotions and mutual relationship became primary influencing factors.The process of the evocation burial being adopted into the official institution of funerary rites from a folk custom reflected the change of the concepts of life and death from the Jin Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty,and the balance between sense and sensibility.