膝关节股骨内侧髁自发性骨坏死的阶梯治疗策略

Stepwise treatment strategy for spontaneous osteonecrosis of the medial femoral condyle of the knee joint

背景:目前临床上对于膝关节自发性骨坏死已经有多种保守治疗和手术的方案,并取得了优良的效果,但在手术指征和具体手术方案选择方面尚未形成广泛的共识,临床中仍存在一发现膝关节自发性骨坏死就行单髁置换或全膝关节置换的误区,亟需普及阶梯治疗的理念。目的:从文献和临床病例中总结发现导致膝关节股骨内侧髁自发性骨坏死保守治疗效果欠佳的因素,同时与Koshino分期结合,提出膝关节股骨内侧髁自发性骨坏死阶梯治疗的策略。方法:系统检索文献数据库,总结发现导致膝关节股骨内侧髁自发性骨坏死保守治疗效果欠佳的因素。同时检索住院电子病例系统回顾性分析2017年1月至2023年1月在广东省中医院骨科因膝关节股骨内侧髁自发性骨坏死行保守和手术治疗的病例,对典型病例治疗成功和失败的原因进行总结分析。结果与结论:①膝关节自发性骨坏死的早诊断和早治疗,对预后有着非常重要的意义。临床上对突发的膝关节疼痛,X射线片检查未见明显异常时,如症状持续不能缓解大于1周,建议行MRI检查,可以发现早期的膝关节自发性骨坏死。②膝关节股骨内侧髁自发性骨坏死的Koshino1期和2期的影像在X射线片下较难区分,需借助MR进行区分,Koshino 1期MR图像主要以骨髓水肿为主,尚未形成边界清晰的骨坏死区,而Koshino 2期MR上可见边界清晰的坏死区。③总结出5个导致膝关节股骨内侧髁自发性骨坏死保守治疗效果欠佳的因素:a.坏死区面积>5 cm^(2);b.坏死区占比超过髁的40%;c.内侧半月板相对挤压百分比≥33%(伴或不伴随内侧半月板损伤、软骨下骨髓水肿);d.MRI上坏死区深度(矢状位坏死区域前后径)>20 mm;e.下肢力线内翻>6°。④Koshino 1期的膝关节自发性骨坏死保守治疗效果良好。Koshino 2期的膝关节自发性骨坏死,优先选择保守治疗方案;或在保守治疗方案的基础上配合行钻孔减压治疗;如果保守治疗3个月后症状没有减轻或MR上没有改善时,患者同时存在5个因素中的任一个,则应考虑行保膝手术治疗。Koshino 3期和4期的膝关节自发性骨坏死,需在考虑5个因素的基础上,同时兼顾患者年龄、性别和活跃程度,选择保膝手术治疗。对于合并症状性髌股关节炎、外翻畸形、坏死区范围大影响单髁假体稳定性等的Koshino 4期膝关节股骨内侧髁自发性骨坏死,采用全膝关节置换治疗。

BACKGROUND:Currently,there have been a variety of conservative and surgical treatment plans for spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee,achieving excellent results.However,a broad consensus on indication and guide of surgical treatment has not been announced.In clinical practice,there is still a misunderstanding that unicondylar replacement or total knee arthroplasty should be performed upon the discovery of spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee,while an urgent need for universal access to the concept of stepwise therapy.OBJECTIVE:To summarize and find the factors leading to the poor effect of conservative treatment in spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee,which occurred on the medial femoral condyle,from the literature and clinical cases,at the same time,combined with the Koshino stage,to propose the strategy of stepwise spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee treatment on the medial femoral condyle.METHODS:A systematic search of the literature database was conducted to summarize the factors leading to poor outcomes of conservative treatment in spontaneous osteonecrosis of the medial femoral condyle.Meanwhile,according to the Clinical&Health Records for analytics&Sharing system,the cases receiving conservative and surgical treatment in spontaneous osteonecrosis of the medial femoral condyle in the Department of Orthopedics of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine from January 2017 to January 2023 were analyzed retrospectively,then the causes of success and failure in typical cases were summarized and analyzed.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Early diagnosis and treatment of spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee were very important for prognosis.For sudden knee pain in some patients,if no obvious abnormality was found in the X-ray examination,and the symptoms persisted and could not be relieved for more than 1 week,an MRI examination was recommended to detect early spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee.(2)The X-ray images of Koshino stage 1 and stage 2 of spontaneous osteonecrosis of the medial femoral condyle were difficult to be distinguished,which needed to be probed by MRI.MRI images of Koshino stage 1 were mainly characterized by bone marrow edema,and an osteonecrosis area with a clear boundary was not formed,while MR images of Koshino stage 2 showed a necrotic area with a clear boundary.(3)Five factors leading to the poor effect of conservative treatment on spontaneous osteonecrosis of the medial femoral condyle were summarized:a.The necrotic area was>5 cm^(2);b.The necrotic area accounted for more than 40%of the condyle;c.relative compression percentage of medial meniscus≥33%(with or without medial meniscus injury and subchondral bone marrow edema);d.MRI depth of necrotic area(anteriorposterior diameter of sagittal necrotic area)>20 mm;e.varus deformity of lower limb>6°.(4)Conservative treatment of spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee in Koshino stage 1 was good.For spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee in Koshino stage 2,conservative treatment was preferred or combined with drilling decompression.If there was no relief or improvement of symptoms or in MRI after 3 months,while the patient had any of the previous five factors,then knee preservation surgery should be considered.For spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee in Koshino stage 3 and stage 4,knee preservation surgery should be selected based on the previous five factors,including age,gender and activity level of the patient.Total knee arthroplasty was used for spontaneous osteonecrosis in Koshino stage 4,which was associated with symptomatic patellofemoral arthritis,valgus alignment,or necrotic area,which greatly affected the stability of unicondyle prosthesis.