事实与价值二分法的有效性及其限度

The Validity and Limitation of the Fact-Value Dichotomy

事实与价值二分法是价值研究的基本准则,这一准则强调事实与价值有根本的区别,既不能把价值命题还原为事实命题,也不能从事实命题推论出价值命题。事实命题和价值命题在语词构成和表达内容上有重要的差异,事实命题由有指称的描述用语构成,内容是陈述世界状态,而价值命题则包含至少一个没有指称的评价用语或规范用语,内容是表达对事物的评价或对行动的规范,依据这种差异可以论证和支持事实与价值二分法。不过事实与价值二分法有其条件和限度,只有限定在事实命题和价值命题不存在蕴涵关系的意义上才具有有效性。尽管从事实命题不能演绎地推论出价值命题,但是事实命题仍然可以作为提出和论证价值命题的支持性理由,因而事实和价值之间的界限并不是无法跨越的鸿沟。

The fact-value dichotomy is the basic principle of value research.This principle emphasizes that there is a fundamental difference between fact and value,which can neither reduce value proposition to fact proposition,nor infer value proposition from fact proposition.There are important differences between fact propositions and value propositions in terms of word composition and expression.Fact propositions are composed of descriptive terms with reference,and the content is to state the state of the world,while value propositions contain at least one evaluation term or normative term without reference,and the content is to express the evaluation of things or the norms of actions.According to this difference,the fact-value dichotomy can be demonstrated and supported.However,the fact-value dichotomy has its conditions and limits.It is effective only in the sense that there is no implied relationship between fact proposition and value proposition.Although value proposition can not be deduced from fact proposition,fact proposition can still serve as a supporting reason for proposing and demonstrating the value proposition,so the boundary between fact and value is not an insurmountable gap.