朱子论自欺的情态、根由及其对治方案

On Self-deception in Zhu Xi:Its Sentiment,Rationale and Therapy

自欺是一种常人在现实生活之中普遍体验过的心灵样态,朱子较早地关注到了这一复杂的心理现象,并对其情态、根由及对治方案进行了详尽而复杂深入的分析。在朱子看来,自欺本质上是一种内敛的、自我满足的心灵样态,它往往表现为“苟且”这一日常生活的基本“情态”。这种贴合经验的情态描述在一定程度上规避了单纯概念逻辑式的自欺悖论,但关于“自欺之根”的哲学分析仍是必要的。自欺源于心灵意愿的内在分裂,而诸如私意混杂或良知遮蔽式的实体化论述并不足以提供自诚其意的价值动力。朱子的自欺论述始终是以“知”为首出原则的,其晚年对诚意与自欺的苦索与其说是对“致知吞没诚意”的担忧,不如说是“致知”的拓展与深化——诚意工夫必落实在作为“独知”的慎独工夫之上,而“独知”即是此“致知”工夫由表及里而切近身心的展开与充实。

Self-deception is a modus of heart-mind that we have generally experienced in daily life,Zhu Xi focused on this complex psychological phenomenon earlier and provided a detailed and complex analysis of its sentiment,rationale and therapy.In Zhu Xi,self-deception is essentially related to an introverted and self-satisfied heart-mind,which generally presents a perfunctory attitude to life,namely,“Gouqie”苟且.While this empirical description avoids to a certain extent the paradox of self-deception in propositional logic,a philosophical analysis of the rationale is still necessary.Self-deception originated from the inherent division of desire,and materialistic discourses such as the intermingled of private intentions or the obscuring of conscience are not sufficient to provide the motivation for self-truth.Zhu xi's discourse on self-deception is based on the principle of Zhi知,and his struggle with self-deception is actually its expansion and deepening.The practice of self-cultivation expands concretely through the vigilance in solitude,which is its unfolding and enrichment from the explicit to the implicit.