面向复数性而行动——阿伦特论自由意志

Acting towards Plurality:Arendt on Free Will

随着与尼采、海德格尔之间理论关联的揭示逐渐增多,阿伦特被认为致力于一种追求个体秀异的竞争性(agonistic)审美政治,因而是唯意志论者或决断论者,缺乏伦理向度。实际上,阿伦特意图破除传统哲学思维、现代历史观念和大众社会对政治行动领域的“必然性”控制,为了恢复政治行动的尊严才将意志的自由性界定为绝对自发的开创,从而招致上述批评,但批评者们忽视了她对意志的唯我主义和主权性深渊所进行的批判。阿伦特借助承诺和判断力两种精神力量引导意志以共识性、公共性原则为行动根据,致力于实现“共同行动”的复数性政治,为我们反思自由意志与行动之间的“远近”关系提供了理论资源,也为契约论解决意志两面性难题提供了一些启示。

With the gradual increase in the revelation of the theoretical connections between Arendt and Nietzsche or Heidegger,Arendt was believed to be committed to a competitive(agonistic)aesthetic politics that pursues individual virtues and self-appearance,and lacks reflection on ethical norms or how human beings live together.This article rejects this criticism.On the one hand,Arendt's intention was to break away from the“necessities”that traditional philosophical thinking,modern historical consciousness,and mass society imposed on the field of political action,which drove her defining the freedom of will as absolute spontaneity and was misunderstood as a voluntarist.However,on the other hand,critics ignored her fierce criticism of the solipsism and sovereignty abyss of will.She demonstrated the faculty of making promise and judging as the supplement of will to act on the base of consensus principles,so in fact Arendt was committed to the pluralistic politics of“action in concert”.Arendt's interpretation of will provides theoretical resources for us to reflect on the“far--near”relationship between free will and action,and offers some inspirations for contract theory to review the problem of the duality of will.