不法归属视野下违法性认识的功能论证——兼论《刑法》第14条之规范解释

The Functional Demonstration of Illegal Cognition from the Perspective of Subjective Imputation—On the Normative Interpretation of Article 14 in Criminal Law of the People s Republic of China

随着不法归属理论由客观转向主观,违法性认识也在犯罪故意规范化的过程中获得了不法归属的功能:一方面,其在宏观层面重新定义了行为不法归属的起点———即“禁止风险”的含义;另一方面,其在微观层面重新形塑了主观不法归属的核心要件———犯罪故意。立足于不法归属之上的故意说,既能合理解释教义学知识变化,也能正确回应学理对其的质疑。从我国《刑法》第14条的规定出发,结合本土刑法理论有关犯罪本质与犯罪构成关系的论述可以得出:我国刑法同样承认主观的不法归属理论,因此违法性认识也应是犯罪故意的要素。我国刑法犯罪故意中的违法性认识应是“刑事违法性认识”,在此基础上,在特定案件事实中应引入“刑法量的认识可能性”概念合理对行为人的刑事违法性认识进行推定。

As the theory of criminal imputation changes from objective to subjective,illegal cognition also obtains the function of imputation in the process of standardization of criminal intention.On the one hand,it redefines the meaning of starting point of the imputation of criminal acts at macroscopic scale—“prohibited risk”.On the other hand,it reshapes at microscopic scale the core element of subjective criminal imputation—criminal intention.The intentional theory based on the crimiral imputation can not only reasonably explain the change of doctrinal knowledge,but also correctly respond to the question of the opposite.From the provisions of Article 14 in Criminal Law of the People s Republic of China,combined with the discussion on the relationship between the nature of the crime and the constitution of the crime,it can be concluded that the criminal law also recognizes the subjective theory of illegal imputation,thus,the illegal cognition should also be the element of criminal intention.The illegal cognition in the criminal intention of the criminal law in China should be“criminal illegality cognition”.On this basis,the concept of“the possibility of cognition of criminal law s quantity”should be introduced into the facts of specific cases to reasonably assume the criminal illegality cognition of the wrongdoers.