马尔库塞的三重生态思想与现代资本主义批判

Herbert Marcuse's Triple Ecological Thought and Criticism of Modern Capitalism

马尔库塞的批判理论,从生态维度揭示了现代资本主义的三重生态危机。在社会生态维度,资产阶级利用物质生活水平的提高消除了对社会的批判,遏制了社会的变革,从而使社会成为一个高度同质化的单向度社会。在精神生态维度,资产阶级对人们的思想进行操控,削弱、祛除人们的反对思想,使其自觉地同他人以及社会保持一致,进而使单向度的精神内化为一种服膺于资产阶级统治的人格。在自然生态维度,发达工业社会所形成的丰裕社会,通过满足人们的物质欲求,以获得对榨取自然的认同,导致了自然生态的严重破坏。面对现代资本主义的社会、精神和自然三重生态危机,马尔库塞提出通过改造人们的精神生态以实现社会的变革,以建设性的爱欲取代破坏性的死欲,实现人与自然以及人与人的统一。

The ecological dimension of Marcuse's critical theory reveals the numerous ecological crises of modern capitalism.In the social ecological dimension,the bourgeoisie uses the improvement of material living standards to eliminate the criticism of society and suppress social change,so that the society becomes a highly homogeneous one-dimension society.In the dimension of spiritual ecology,the bourgeoisie manipulates people’s thoughts,weakens and dispels their opposition thoughts,makes them consciously consistent with others and society,then the one-dimension spirit is internalized into a personality subject to the rule of the bourgeoisie.In the natural ecological dimension,an affluent society formed by a developed industrial society obtains the recognition of extracting nature by satisfying people’s material desires,which causes serious damage to the natural ecology.Facing the triple ecological crisis of society,spirit and nature of modern capitalism,Marcuse proposes to realize social change by transforming people’s spiritual ecology,replace destructive Thanatos with constructive eros,and realize the unity between man and nature and between man and man.