明朝早期对安南与占城冲突调停的过程及原因考察

A Study of the Process and Causes of the Mediation on the Conflicts between Annan and Champa by the Ming Dynasty in its Early Days

从洪武至正统的八十余年间,明朝在藩属体系原则下对安南、占城之间的冲突展开调停,过程中经历由德治安抚到务实收缩的转变。明廷在经历洪武时期怀柔安抚、永乐时期征战安南和占城背弃后,从宣德年间开始,处理双方冲突的态度逐渐从“事大字小”转向“各止其所”。随后,安、占两国在奉明朝正朔一途上,也由勤勉逐渐转向敷衍。归根结底,明代早期的周边邦交关系建立在国家实力强大、保境固边需要及儒家文化认同之上。随着安、占之间的冲突逐渐背离明廷的初衷,以及明廷自身国力衰退和防御重心的转移,彰显仁德的理想化调停政策变得难以维持。统治者和越来越多的士大夫阶层开始主张以“各止其所”的务实态度处理安、占矛盾。此后,明朝对周边邦交进行收缩,安南逐步建立起自己的“小天朝”,占城则在历史上逐渐消亡。

For more than eighty years from the Hongwu period to the Zhengtong period,the Ming dynasty conducted mediation on the conflicts between Annan and Champa under the principle of the suzerain-vassal system,which experienced a conceptual change from the rule of virtue through moral pacification to a limited implementation.After experiencing the appeasing policy of the Hongwu period,the military expedition to Annan in the Yongle period and Champa's opportunistic rebellions,and starting from the Xuande period,the Ming Imperial Court's mediation on the conflicts between the two sides shifted from the principle of“both the powerful and the weak should have concern over each other's interests”to that of“each has its own choices and decisions within its territory”.Later,both Annan and Champa gradually changed their attitudes from diligence to perfunctory work in dealing with the matters of the Ming dynasty as the suzerain.In summary,the peripheral diplomatic relations in the early Ming dynasty were based on the strong national strength,the needs of safeguarding the border areas and the Confucian cultural identity.With the conflicts between Annan and Champa gradually going away from the initial intention of the Ming dynasty as well as its weakening national strength and a shift of the focus of the defence,the ideal appeasing policy characteristic of morality and virtue could not go on effectively.Thus,the ruling class and more scholar-officials began to advocate a practical approach to handling the conflicts between Annan and Champa through“each has its own choices and decisions within its territory.”Since then,with the weakening peripheral diplomacy of the Ming dynasty,Annan gradually established his own“Little Celestial Kingdom”,while Champa gradually died out in history.