探赜马克思早期市民社会理论的逻辑进路

Analyzing the Logic Evolution of Marx s Early Civil Society Theory

依托近代商品经济崛起和资本主义时代到来的现实背景,黑格尔一方面吸收了洛克-斯密传统的经济学市民社会理论,另一方面受到孟德斯鸠主张以政治界定社会的思路的影响,形成了国家与市民社会严格区分,并依靠国家哲学扬弃市民社会的思想。马克思则以批判黑格尔国家观为肇始,历经由国家到市民社会,由哲学到政治经济学的转变,并在政治经济学研究中实现了对市民社会由特殊性到普遍性,再到普遍性的异化这样层层上升的认识。马克思不仅在市民社会中交往普遍性的异化层面上,看到了市民社会作为历史过渡环节必将被否定的结局,更看到了近代市民社会早已变质为资产阶级社会的深刻现实,使得他的市民社会理论最终到达历史唯物主义的高度,展开了对资本主义的批判。

Based on the realistic background of the rise of modern commodity economy and the arrival of the capitalist era,Hegel absorbed the traditional economic civil society theory of Locker-Smith and was influenced by Montesquieu s idea of defining society by politics.Then he made a strict distinction between the state and civil society and relied on the theory of state to sublate the thought of civil society.Marx,starting from his criticism of Hegel s view of the state,went through the transformation from the state to civil society,from philosophy to political economy,and realized the rising understanding of civil society from particularity to universality and then to the alienation of universality in the study of political economy.Marx predicted not only the negative outcome of civil society as a historical transition link,but also the profound reality that modern civil society had already deteriorated into bourgeois society,which made his civil society theory finally reaching the height of historical materialism and launching a critique of capitalism.