山东地区出土原始瓷器及相关问题探析

A Discussion on the Proto-porcelains Excavated From Shandong Region

原始瓷器是中国陶瓷发展的重要阶段,山东是北方原始瓷器主要发现地区之一。原始瓷器在商代中期随商王朝经略东方而传入山东,在殷商贵族间使用。西周的统治者将由南方生产的原始瓷器分配给各个诸侯国的贵族,其中殷遗民占有较大比例。西周晚期,周王室衰落,对南方的控制力变弱,外来的原始瓷器变得罕见。春秋末期,越国逐步崛起,北上逐鹿中原,与山东诸国交流增多,原始瓷器作为越文化的代表性产品重新出现于山东地区。战国早期以后,越国渐渐衰亡,原始瓷器也随之在山东地区消失了。随着西汉王朝统治逐步稳固,国家经济不断复苏,越地的原始瓷器生产重新繁荣,原始瓷器又重新传入山东,但此时的使用者已经不局限于贵族阶层,其社会功能也发生了转变,更多是作为重要商品被销售到山东地区。

Proto-porcelain represents an important stage of the development of Chinese ceramics,and Shandong is one of the main areas in the north where proto-porcelain was unearthed.Proto-porcelain was introduced to Shandong in the middle of the Shang dynasty and used among the nobles when the Shang court started to cast more attention on the eastern areas.The rulers of the Western Zhou dynasty bestowed the proto-porcelains produced in the south to the nobles of vassal states,many of whom were Shang decedents.In the late Western Zhou dynasty,with the decline of the Zhou court and their control over the south,protoporcelains were rarer to see.The late Spring and Autumn period witnessed the rise of the Yue kingdom to be one of the main powers in the central plan,the proto-porcelain as a representative of the Yue culture,appeared again in the Shandong region.The Yue kingdom started to decline in the early Warring States,which led to the disappearance of proto-porcelains in Shandong.With the gradual stabilization of the Western Han dynasty and the recovery of the national economy,the production of proto-porcelains in Yue flourished again and was reintroduced to Shandong.But they were no longer exclusive to the noble class,and their social function changed;they were more sold as an important commodity.