敦煌传统民居气候适应性营建特征分析研究

Analytical Study on the Features of Climate Adaptability Construction of Traditional Residences in Dunhuang

为探索极干旱气候条件下传统民居在应对气候过程中所体现的营建特征,选取敦煌地区132户传统民居作为研究对象,采用了气候分析软件、调查分析及环境实测的方法进行研究。研究结果表明:敦煌传统民居在建造过程中采用了降温、遮阳、蓄热、防风的营建手段来规避恶劣的自然环境,形成了独特的气候适应性营建特征。1)采用庭院外遮阳构件是直接夏季遮阳和降温的有效营建特征,有无加建玻璃顶棚,太阳辐射强度平均差值达384.22 W/m^(2);有无设置传统木构架单向遮阳棚,温度平均差值达0.1℃,温度波幅差值达3.1℃;有无加建玻璃顶棚,温度平均差值达0.5℃,温度波幅差值达13.8℃;2)采用种植绿植能有效调节夏季室内微气候,有无种植绿植,温度波幅差值达1.5℃;3)采用封闭的围护构件是民居防风和保温的营建特征,有无加建封闭的玻璃顶棚,温度平均差值和波幅差值均达9℃,风速平均差值达0.3 m/s,波幅差值达3.37 m/s;4)采用合院形制能维持室内温度的稳定,其中三合院室内温度比“L”形院落室内温度波幅差值达2.8℃,四合院室内温度比“L”形室内温度波幅差值达1.6℃。研究结果以期为敦煌传统民居的营建优化和居住环境提升提供依据和效果评价机制。

To explore the construction features of traditional residences in adapting to the climate under extremely arid climate conditions,132 traditional residences in Dunhuang area were selected as the research objects.Climate analysis software,survey analysis,and field measurement of the environment were used during the research.The research results show that the construction methods of cooling,shading,heat storage,and wind proofing were adopted by the traditional residents in Dunhuang in the construction process in response to the harsh natural environment and creating unique climate adaptability construction features.1)An effective construction feature for direct shading and cooling in summer is reflected in the application of external shading components in the courtyard.The addition of a glass roof will lead to an average difference in solar radiation intensity of 384.22 W/m^(2).The setting of the traditional wooden frame one-way sunshade will lead to an average temperature difference of O.1 C,and a temperature fluctuation difference of 3.1 ℃.The setting of an additional glass roof will lead to an average temperature difference of 0.5℃,and a temperature fluctuation difference of 13.8℃.2)The planting of green plants can effectively adjust the indoor microclimate in summer.The planting of green plants will lead to a temperature fluctuation difference of 1.5 ℃.3)The adoption of the closed enclosure components embodies the construction feature of windproof and thermal insulation of residential buildings.The addition of a closed glass roof will lead to an average temperature difference and temperature fluctuation difference of 9 C,an average difference in wind speed.of 0.3 m/s,and the fluctuation difference of 3.37 m/s.4)Adopting the courtyard structure can maintain the stability of the indoor temperature.The difference in the indoor temperature between the triple courtyard and the"L"-shaped courtyard is 2.8℃,and the difference of the indoor temperature between the quadrangle courtyard and the"L"-shaped courtyard is 1.6℃.This study intends to provide basis and effect evaluation mechanism for the construction optimization of traditional residences and the improvement of the living environment in Dunhuang.