祁连山云降水特征及云水资源开发利用技术研究进展与展望

Progress and prospect of cloud precipitation characteristics and cloud water resources exploitation and utilization technology in the Qilian Mountains

地处中国西北地区的祁连山是全球气候变化下的敏感地区与生态脆弱区。近年来,在全球气候变暖背景下,祁连山冰川、雪盖加剧消融退缩,严重影响西北地区的生态环境安全。人工增雨是补充自然降水、增加地表径流、增加冰川储量的有效手段,但人工增雨受制于空中云水资源分布特征和云微物理特征影响,只有充分了解祁连山云水资源背景场特征和地形云及其降水规律,才能科学有效指导人工增雨作业。为此,本文对近十年来祁连山云水资源特征和地形云人工增雨的研究现状进行归纳总结,分别介绍了祁连山地形云的宏微观特征、水汽特征以及降水特征,重点包括大气可降水量、云水路径、水汽输送、降水效率等,以及人工增雨探测和效果评估新进展。研究发现,虽然祁连山空中云水资源分布不均,季节差异大,但可利用其变化规律进行人工增雨作业,利用云降水微物理检验、数理统计和生态效果检验等得出祁连山人工增雨具有显著效果。最后,本文指出未来对祁连山云降水的研究方向,以期为祁连山科学开展人工增雨提供参考,保护祁连山脆弱的生态环境。

The Qilian Mountain in Northwest China is a sensitive and ecologically fragile area under global climate change.In recent years,under the background of global warming,the melting and retreating of glaciers and snow caps in the Qilian Mountains have intensified,which had seriously affected the ecological environment security in northwest China.Artificial precipitation enhancement is an effective means to supplement natural precipitation,increase surface runoff and increase glacier reserves.However,artificial precipitation enhancement is affected by the distribution characteristics of cloud water resources in the air and cloud microphysical characteristics.Only by fully understanding the characteristics of the cloud water resources background field in the Qilian Mountains and the orographic cloud and their precipitation laws can we scientifically and effectively guide artificial precipitation enhancement.Therefore,this paper summarizes the research status of cloud water resource characteristics and artificial precipitation enhancement of orographic cloud in the Qilian Mountains in the past ten years,and introduces the macro and micro characteristics,water vapor characteristics and precipitation characteristics of the clouds in the Qilian Mountains,focusing on atmospheric precipitable water vapor,cloud water path,water vapor transport,precipitation efficiency,etc.,as well as the new progress of artificial precipitation detection and effect evaluation.It is found that although the cloud water resources in the Qilian Mountains are unevenly distributed,Seasonal difference is large,but its change law can be used for artificial precipitation enhancement,and the cloud precipitation microphysical test,mathematical statistics and ecological effect test show that artificial precipitation enhancement in Qilian Mountains has significant effect.Finally,this paper points out the research direction of cloud precipitation in the Qilian Mountains in the future,in order to provide reference for the scientific development of artificial precipitation in the Qilian Mountains and protect the fragile ecological environment of the Qilian Mountains.