养老型返迁:易地搬迁老人的社会融入困境及养老选择--基于某脱贫县集中安置社区的跟踪调查

Dilemma of Social Integration and Choice of Old-age Care for the Elderly Relocated from Different Places in Cities and Towns:Follow-up Survey Based on a Centralized Resettlement Community in a Poverty Alleviation County

做好易地扶贫搬迁的后续扶持是巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果、衔接乡村振兴战略的重要内容,而城镇集中安置是易地扶贫搬迁的重要方式,农村老人被安置进城后的养老状况直接影响巩固脱贫攻坚的成效。调研发现,进入城镇安置社区的农村老人返回农村养老的现象非常普遍,构成一种“养老型返迁”,这与地方政府的政策预期相差较大。其根源是易地搬迁老人在城镇安置社区中的社会融入程度低,具体表现为经济整合程度低、社会适应能力差、文化习得接受慢等,从而导致易地搬迁老人成为城镇社会中的“边缘人”。要理性看待易地搬迁老人的“养老型返迁”行为,在后续扶持过程中应考虑易地搬迁老人独特的居住和生活需求,给予其制度性的返迁空间,并通过在城镇安置社区中发展老年产业、再造社区共同体等方式,为易地搬迁老人更好地融入城镇社会提供支持。

To do a good job in the follow-up support of ex situ poverty alleviation and relocation is an important part of consolidating and expanding the achievements of poverty alleviation and linking up the strategy of rural revitalization.Urban centralized resettlement is an important way of ex situ poverty alleviation and relocation.The elderly care situation after the rural elderly are resettled in cities directly affects the effectiveness of consolidating the poverty alleviation.The survey found that it is very common for the rural elderly who have entered the urban resettlement community to return to the countryside for the elderly,which constitutes a“pension type return”,which is quite different from the policy expectation of the local government.The root of this is the low degree of social integration of the easily relocated elderly in the urban resettlement community,which is manifested in the low degree of economic integration,poor social adaptability,and slow cultural acquisition and acceptance,making the easily relocated elderly“marginal people”in urban society.We should treat the“elderly care return”behavior of the easily relocated elderly rationally.In the follow-up support process,we should consider the unique living and living needs of the easily relocated elderly,and provide institutional return space.At the same time,we can provide support for the easily relocated elderly to better integrate into the urban society by developing the elderly industry in the urban resettlement community and rebuilding the community.