论人类作品创作与人工智能生成的异同

On the Difference between Human Creation and Artificial Intelligence Generation

AI生成的高度自主性以及AIGC的作品外观引发了“AI能否像人类一样独立创作作品”的问题,这对学界关于作品创作和作品的现有认知发出了挑战。人是符号的动物,人类必须借助语言符号来理解和表达自己的所思所感。从符号学的角度看,作品创作本质上是作者借助语言符号对思想情感进行表达。符号的非物质属性使得作品必须以一定形式表现才能向外界传递,因此新颁《著作权法》规定“作品必须可表现”。在创作(形成表达)过程中,创造物分别处于三个阶段:前表达阶段思想情感是创作的动因,因处于不可知的状态,无法受《著作权法》保护;表达阶段作者借助符号体系将其思想情感上升为符号化的表达,表达由表达形式与表达内容组成;表现阶段作品表达形式与物质媒介结合,表达借助物质载体表现出来。所以人类创作遵循“思想情感—表达—表现”的路径,而AI生成遵循“现有表达—重组表达—表现”的路径。因此,尽管AIGC也是一种表达,但其来源于计算而非创作,不满足作品的构成要件。

The high degree of autonomy of AI content generation and the work appearance of AIGC have raised the question of"can AI create works independently like human",which challenges the existing cognition of creative ac⁃tions and works.But human is symbolic animal and must use language symbols to understand and express what he thinks and feels.From the perspective of semiotics,the essence of creative actions is that the author expresses his thoughts and emotions with the help of language symbols.Meanwhile,the immaterial nature of symbols determines that the works must be expressed in a certain form before they can be transmitted to the outside world.As a result,the new Copyright Law stipulates"works must be expressible".In the process of creation(expressions emerge),the work is di⁃vided into three stages.In the pre-expression stage,thought and emotion are the motivation of creation.Because they are unknown,they cannot be protected by Copyright Law.In the expression stage,the author raises his thoughts and emotions into symbolic expression with the help of the symbol system,and works are composed of expression forms and contents.In the stage of material expression,expression forms combine with material object,and works are expressed by material objects.Therefore,human creation follows the path of"thought and emotion-expression-material expres⁃sion",while AI generation follows the path of"existing expression-recombination expression-material expression".Although AIGC is also an expression,it is derived from calculation rather than creation,which does not meet the consti⁃tutive requirements of work.