高黎贡山鸟类物种多样性纬度和海拔梯度分布格局

Spatial Distribution Pattern of Bird Species Diversity on Latitude and Altitude Gradient in Gaoligong Mountains

纬度和海拔是影响生物多样性分布格局最重要的环境梯度,同时关注纬度和海拔梯度的影响对区域生物多样性保护有实际指导意义,然而目前相关研究还较少。在生物热点地区高黎贡山选取不同纬度的姚家坪(25.94°N)、亚坪(27.14°N)和独龙江(27.90°N)三个地点,每个地点在2000~2400 m海拔范围采用样线法进行鸟类调查,利用物种丰富度和Jaccard相似性指数分析海拔梯度和纬度梯度上鸟类多样性的分布格局,并比较海拔梯度和纬度梯度对鸟类多样性的影响。结果表明:(1)在纬度梯度上,低纬度的姚家坪鸟类物种数最高,且三个地点之间鸟类物种Jaccard相似性指数均较低,低纬度的姚家坪和亚坪之间鸟类组成相似性略高;(2)在海拔梯度上,姚家坪、亚坪、独龙江鸟类物种数峰值分别出现在2200 m海拔段、2400 m海拔段、2300 m海拔段,且每个地点的不同海拔段间,鸟类物种Jaccard相似性指数均较低;(3)研究区域100 m海拔梯度上的Jaccard相似性指数与1°纬度梯度相近。研究结果表明,高黎贡山海拔和纬度空间梯度上鸟类群落的Jaccard相似性指数均较低,整个区域鸟类群落组成差异极大,保护政策需考虑多个地区、多种生境才能较好实现生物多样性保护。此外,该地区鸟类群落组成在100 m海拔梯度上的转变与1°纬度梯度相当,证实了气候环境在纬度和海拔梯度变化的地理规律。

The Latitude and altitude are the most important environmental gradients that affect the distribution pattern of biodiversity.It is of practical significance to focus on the impact of latitude and altitude gradient on regional biodiversity protection,but there are few related studies at present.In biodiversity hotspot Gaoligong Mountains,bird species in Yaojiaping(25.94°N),Yaping(27.14°N)and Dulong(27.90°N)were surveyed by transect line method at 2000~2400 m a.s.l.,species richness and Jaccard similarity index were used to analyze the distribution pattern of bird diversity on altitude and latitude gradients,and the effects altitude gradient and latitude gradient on bird diversity were compared.The results showed that:(1)On the latitude gradient,the bird species number in lowest latitude Yaojiaping was the highest,and the Jaccard similarity index of bird species among the three sites was quite low,and the similarity between Yaojiaping and Yaping in low latitude was higher;(2)On altitude gradient,the peak of bird species richness in Yaojiaping,Yaping and Dulongjiang occured at 2200 m,2400 m and 2300 m respectively,the Jaccard similarity index of bird species among different altitude segments were quite low in each of the three sites;(3)The Jaccard similarity index on the latitude gradient was similar with that on the altitude gradient.The results showed that the Jaccard similarity index of bird communities in the altitude and latitude spatial gradient of Gaoligong Mountain was low,and the composition of bird communities in the whole region was very different.Therefore,the protection policy need to consider multiple regions and habitats in order to achieve better biodiversity protection.In addition,the change of bird community composition in 100 m altitude gradient in this area was equivalent to 1 latitude gradient,which confirmed the geographical law of climate and environment change in latitude and altitude gradient.