Enrichment of bacteria involved in the nitrogen cycle and plant growth promotion in soil by sclerotia of rice sheath blight fungus

Rice sheath blight pathogen,Rhizoctonia solani,produces numerous sclerotia to overwinter.As a rich source of nutrients in the soil,sclerotia may lead to the change of soil microbiota.For this purpose,we amended the sclerotia of R.solani in soil and analyzed the changes in bacterial microbiota within the soil at different time points.At the phyla level,Proteobacteria,Acidobacteria,Bacteroidetes,Actinobacteria,Chloroflexi and Firmicutes showed varied abundance in the amended soil samples compared to those in the control.An increased abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacterium(AOB)Nitrosospira and Nitrite oxidizing bacteria(NOB)i.e.,Nitrospira was observed,where the latter is reportedly involved in the nitrifier denitrification.Moreover,Thiobacillus,Gemmatimonas,Anaeromyxobacter and Geobacter,the vital players in denitrification,N2O reduction and reductive nitrogen transformation,respectively,depicted enhanced abundance in R.solani sclerotia-amended samples.Furthermore,asymbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria,notably,Azotobacter as well as Microvirga and Phenylobacterium with nitrogen-fixing potential also enriched in the amended samples compared to the control.Plant growth promoting bacteria,such as Kribbella,Chitinophaga and Flavisolibacter also enriched in the sclerotia-amended soil.As per our knowledge,this study is of its kind where pathogenic fungal sclerotia activated microbes with a potential role in N transformation and provided clues about the ecological functions of R.solani sclerotia on the stimulation of bacterial genera involved in different processes of N-cycle within the soil in the absence of host plants.