宋代以来河湟谷地藏传佛教寺院空间扩展及其驱动因素

Spatial Diffusion and Driving Factors of Tibetan Buddhist Temples in the Hehuang Valley Region After Song Dynasty

寺院在民族走廊地区社会—生态系统中具有独特功能,明晰宗教场所时空扩展及其驱动因素,对文化遗产保护和可持续发展具有积极意义。文章基于河湟谷地藏传佛教寺院既有调查资料和历史文献,以及DEM和气候数据,利用时空序列分析方法,重建本区域宋代以来寺院扩展与演变,分析寺院数据变化与史实。结果表明:(1)寺院分布由多核趋于带状,形成“组团式”分布的扩展结果,空间集聚特征不断增强,区位—环境选择定向,居于区域中心地特征显著。(2)清代是奠定当今寺院分布格局的主要时期。(3)寺院扩展与政教合一、经济收益、气候变迁、宗教组织体系等多重因素相关联,尤其在多民族交往、交流、交融和社会发展主趋势下,诸因素形成寺院扩展的多层级驱动。(4)以寺院扩展为基础的宗教扩散模式属于等级扩散和蔓延扩散,扩散理论需要对以环境变迁为特征的“外部因素”多加关注。此外,扩散本身并不具有同质性,教派、寺院结构及寺院对于经济的追逐也会影响扩散。(5)寺院作为文化遗产,具有使社会—生态系统趋于稳态的功能。

Buddhist temples have unique functions in the socio-ecosystem of ethnic corridors.Clarifying the temporal and spatial diffusion of religious sites and their driving factors is an effective way to enrich the theoretical framework of religious geography and clarify the mechanism of regional cultural landscape evolution.It is also of positive significance for cultural heritage protection and sustainable development.Based on existing survey data,historical literature,digital elevation model(DEM)and climate data,and using the spatiotemporal sequence analysis methods,this paper reconstructs the diffusion and evolution of Tibetan Buddhist temples in the Hehuang Valley region since the Song Dynasty,and analyzes the changes in temple data and related historical facts.The results show that:1)The distribution of Buddhist temples changes from the multi-core spatial pattern to the strip-shaped spatial pattern,forming a"clustered"diffusion pattern with an increasingly prominent spatial agglomeration feature.The directional selection of location and environment is evident,and it is located in the center of the region.2)The Qing Dynasty is the main period when the current distribution pattern of temples is established.3)The diffusion of temples is related to multiple factors,such as the integration of politics and religion,economic benefits,climate change,and religious organizational systems,especially under the trend of multi-ethnic communication and integration.These factors have formed a multi-level driving force for the diffusion of temples.4)The religious diffusion model based on the expansion and spread of temples belongs to hierarchical diffusion and contagious expansion.The diffusion theory needs to pay more attention to"external factors"characterized by environmental changes.In addition,the diffusion of temples itself does not have homogeneity.The sects,structure of the temples,and the pursuit of economic benefits can also affect diffusion.5)Temples,as cultural heritage,have the function of stabilizing the socio-ecosystem.