数据财产赋权的立法选择

Legislative Options for the Entitlement of Data Property

关于数据财产化问题的探讨,在是否赋权(正当性问题)基本形成共识的情况下,业界应着重探讨选择何种赋权(合理性问题)、怎样进行赋权(可行性问题)。数据财产权的创设,旨在为私法领域调整数据财产归属和利用的民事关系提供新的制度产品。其界权起点为,受保护数据须为“经合法收集和处理,聚合而成的可公开利用的商业数据”,客体适格性包含数据的技术特性和法律属性等构成要件;其赋权形成,可采取数据制作者权(有限排他效力的财产权)和数据使用者权(用户及其他同业经营者的访问权)二元权利结构;其确权效力,应在权利保护的同时注重权利限制,包括个人信息权益优先保护、为公共利益、国家安全的数据访问和管理、数据合理使用、数据强制许可,以明确数据财产权效力的合理边界。

Regarding the exploration of data property issues,with a basic consensus on whether to empower(legitimacy issues),the industry should focus on exploring what kind of empowerment to choose(rationality issues)and how to empower(feasibility issues).The creation of data property rights aims to provide a new institutional product for the atribution and utilization of data property in the field of private law.Protected data must be"publicly available commercial data that has been lawfully collected and processed and aggregated",and requires the fulfilment of technical characteristics and legal atributes,etc.The content of the rights presents dual rights structure,including both data producer's rights(property rights with limited exclusive effect)and data user's rights(access rights of users and other operators in the same industry).This right should be protected while focusing on restrictions,including priority protection of personal information,data access and management in the public interest and national security,fair use of data,and compulsory licensing of data,in order to clarify the reasonable boundaries of data property rights.