数据如何安放:数据财产权的理论阐释与保护规则建构

How Data is Placed:Theoretical Interpretation and Protection Rules Constitution of Data Property Rights

对数据权的性质有人身权和财产权两种观点。文章认为以人身权划定数据权的性质忽略了《民法典》《个人信息保护法》等对数据与个人信息作概念分割的立法初衷。数据不同于个人信息,本质上不具有人格属性。以财产权界定数据权的性质不仅在经济上可能,在法律上也可行。可借鉴传统的财产权保护规则,构建数据财产权保护规则:其一,在数据主体的确定上,以增附原则判断数据竞争性利益的归属,刺激数据参与者的积极性;其二,在数据客体的界定上,借鉴“物权法定”原则,以“有限的公认形式”框定数据财产权的范围,防止数据上的权利人过多,而产生溢出效应;其三,在数据财产权纠纷的解决上,可遵循以非正式的私主体处理机制为主,正式的法律裁决为辅的纠纷解决机制,以维持数据各种关联利益的平衡。

There are two perspectives regarding the nature of data rights:the right to personal identity and the right to property.This article argues that using the right to personal identity to define data rights overlooks the original legislative intention of laws such as the Civil Code and the Personal Information Protection Law,which aimed to conceptually differentiate data from personal information.In essence,data is distinct from personal information and does not possess inherent personality attributes.On the other hand,defining the nature of data rights using the right to property is not only economically feasible but also legally viable.We can draw upon traditional rules for protecting property rights to establish rules for protecting data property rights.Firstly,in determining the data subject,the principle of accession can be applied to determine the attribution of competitive interests in data,thereby stimulating the active participation of data stakeholders.Secondly,in defining the object of data,we can borrow from the principle of "statutory property rights" to establish the scope of data property rights within "limited recognized forms".This prevents an excessive number of rights holders in data,which could lead to unintended consequences.Lastly,in resolving disputes related to data property rights,a dispute resolution mechanism can be implemented,primarily relying on informal private entities processing mechanism while using formal legal adjudication as a supplementary measure.This approach helps maintain a balance of various interconnected interests in data.