世界银行与低收入国家主权债务治理——责任分担的视角

World Bank and Low-Income Countries'Sovereign Debt Governance:From Burden-Sharing Perspective

世界银行国际开发协会是美国等传统援助大国影响国际发展治理和推动国际责任分担的重要入口。世纪之交,世界银行在巴黎俱乐部支持下为“重债穷国”提供了最大规模减债,并由此确立在低收入国家债务可持续治理中的关键角色。金融全球化背景下,世界银行在发展中国家融资中的地位不断下降,但仍是低收入国家最大优惠债务来源,得以进一步强化其治理影响,也成为巴黎俱乐部推动新兴债权国加大分担债务处置责任的新平台。新冠疫情暴发以来,世界银行将强化低收入国家债务透明度与可持续性监管列为优先议程,推动在G20框架下达成缓债倡议,但自身坚持“优先债权人地位”而不参与相关倡议,使新兴债权国与巴黎俱乐部在国际发展理念和责任标准等方面的矛盾分歧进一步激化。有必要从债务、融资与增长综合治理、援助责任与治理权力重构统筹、提升对低收入国家债务可持续性监管的灵活性与包容性等角度,推动世界银行在促进低收入国家主权债务治理中发挥更加公允和有效的作用。

The World Bank's International Development Association is an important platform for traditional donor countries such as the US to influence international development governance and advance global burden sharing.With the support of the Paris Club,the World Bank provides the largest debt relief for the heavily indebted poor countries at the turn of the 2lst century,thus establishing a key role in the sustainable debt governance in low-income countries.Under the background of globalization,the World Bank's role in financing for developing countries continues to decline.However,it still remains the largest source of concessional loans for low-income countries and its influence in debt governance is further strengthened,which enables the World Bank to become a new platform for the Paris Club to promote emerging creditor countries to increase their share of burden for the low-income countries.Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic,the World Bank has prioritized the strengthening of low-income countries'debt transparency and sustainability supervision,and promoted the reach of debt relief initiatives under the G20 framework,but it insists on the Preferred Creditor Status and does not participate in related initiatives.This reveals the intensified contradictions between the emerging creditor countries and the Paris Club in terms of international development theories and burden sharing.The World Bank is expected to play a more fair and effective role in low-income countries'sovereign debt governance through comprehensive governance of debt,financing and growth,restructuring of assistance responsibility and governance power and improvement of the flexibility and inclusiveness of regulation on debt sustainability in low-income countries.