城市空间结构如何影响技能溢价:理论视角与现实证据

How Urban Spatial Structure Influences Skill Premium:Theoretical Perspectives and Real-World Evidence

在我国大力推进新型城镇化助力共同富裕的背景下,城市空间结构作为城镇化的重要内容,厘清其对技能溢价的影响及经济机制具有重要的现实意义。文章利用LandScan人口分布数据测度了城市多中心度,以此度量城市空间结构。并结合2011、2013、2015与2017年的中国家庭金融调查数据,从异质性劳动力在城市内部空间不均衡分布这一理论视角识别了城市空间结构对技能溢价的影响。研究表明:无论是否考虑住房成本,城市多中心结构均会带来技能溢价,这一结论在替换解释变量与被解释变量、剔除部分样本后仍然成立。为进一步识别多中心结构对不同学历劳动力工资的影响,文章根据劳动力学历对其进一步细分,发现城市多中心化发展会提高具有大专及以上学历劳动力的工资水平,但对大专以下学历劳动力工资产生不利影响。进一步地,文章结合集聚效应与选择效应的相关理论,从异质性劳动力在城市内部空间不均衡分布这一理论视角检验了城市空间结构对技能溢价的影响机制,发现城市主中心舒适的生活环境对高技能劳动力的拉力与其高昂的生活成本对低技能劳动力的推力共同导致技能溢价。该研究为我国“十四五”期间调整并优化城市空间结构以缩小收入差距、实现城镇化提质增效提供了经验证据。

In the context of China's vigorous promotion of new urbanization to promote common prosperity,urban spatial structure as an important content of urbanization,it is of great practical significance to clarify its impact on skill premium and economic mechanism.In this paper,the urban polycentric degree is measured by using LandScan population distribution da⁃ta to measure the urban spatial structure.Combined with the data of the China Household Finance Survey in 2011,2013,2015 and 2017,the impact of urban spatial structure on skill premium is identified from the theoretical perspective of the un⁃even distribution of heterogeneous labor in urban space.Studies have shown that urban polycentric structures bring a skill premium regardless of housing costs,a conclusion that holds true after replacing explanatory variables with and explanatory variables and removing some samples.In order to further identify the influence of polycentric structure on labor wages with different educational qualifications,this paper further subdivides them according to labor qualifications,and finds that the development of urban multi-centralization will increase the wage level of labor with college degree or above,but adversely af⁃fect the wage of labor with college degree or below.Furthermore,combined with the theories of agglomeration effect and se⁃lection effect,this paper examines the influence mechanism of urban spatial structure on skill premium from the perspective of the uneven distribution of heterogeneous labor in urban space,and finds that the pull of comfortable living environment in the main urban center on high-skilled labor and the push of high living cost on low-skilled labor jointly lead to skill premi⁃um.This study provides empirical evidence for adjusting and optimizing urban spatial structure to narrow income gap,im⁃prove quality and efficiency of urbanization during the 14th Five-Year Plan period in China.