山西典型旱地玉米产量及水分利用效率对长期不同施肥模式的响应

Responses of maize yield and water use efficiency to long-term fertilization patterns in dryland of Shanxi Province

为明确旱地玉米产量和水分利用效率对长期不同施肥措施的响应,有效指导旱地合理施肥,在山西寿阳半湿润偏旱区开展30 a长期定位施肥试验,设4个单施氮磷化肥处理(N_(1)P_(1)M_(0),N 2 P_(2)M_(0),N_(3)P_(3)M_(0),N_(4)P_(4)M 0)、3个氮磷化肥和有机肥配施处理(N_(2)P_(1)M_(1),N_(4)P_(2)M_(2),N_(3)P_(2)M_(3))、1个单施有机肥处理(N_(0)P_(0)M_(6)),以不施肥(N_(0)P_(0)M_(0))为对照,分析了近3年(2019—2021年)玉米产量及其构成、玉米水分利用效率及其地力贡献率的变化特征。结果表明:随着肥料投入量的增加,不同降水年型下,单施氮磷化肥处理玉米产量及其构成因素(穗数、穗粒数及百粒重)均为先增加后降低的趋势,其中,N_(2)P_(2)M_(0)处理表现最优,即氮、磷施用量分别为120 kg·hm^(-2)和75 kg·hm^(-2)。与单施化肥相比,有机无机肥配施处理玉米平均增产32.7%,产量变异系数下降了6.1%。水分利用效率对施肥措施的响应与玉米产量表现出相同的趋势,与单施化肥相比,有机无机肥配施处理水分利用效率增加33.0%。水分利用效率与玉米产量和土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关关系,与生育期耗水量呈极显著负相关关系。当土壤有机质含量大于25 g·kg^(-1)时,水分利用效率的地力贡献力降低。综上可知,有机无机肥配施可以提高水分利用效率,保障玉米高产稳产,是山西旱地玉米最佳施肥模式。

To explore the effects of different long-term fertilization measures on maize yield and water use efficiency(WUE)in dryland and effectively guide rational fertilization,a 30-year long-term experiment was carried out in the semi-humid arid region of Shouyang,Shanxi Province.Four nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer treatments(N_(1)P_(1)M_(0),N 2 P_(2)M_(0),N_(3)P_(3)M_(0),N_(4)P_(4)M 0),three nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer treatments(N_(2)P_(1)M_(1),N_(4)P_(2)M_(2),N_(3)P_(2)M_(3)),one organic fertilizer treatments(N_(0)P_(0)M_(6)),with no fertilization treatment(N_(0)P_(0)M_(0))as the control were set up.The variation characteristics of maize yield and its composition,WUE and maize fertility contribution rate in recent 3 years(2019-2021)were analyzed.The results showed as follows:with the increase of fertilizer input,the yield and its components(spike number per hectare,grain number per panicle and hundred-grain weight)of maize treated with nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer alone increased first and then decreased in different precipitation years,of which N_(2)P_(2)M_(0)treatment having the best performance with the nitrogen and phosphorus application amounts of 120 kg·hm^(-2)and 75 kg·hm^(-2),respectively.Compared with single application of chemical fertilizer,the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizer increased maize yield by 32.7%on average,and the yield variation coefficient decreased by 6.1%.The response of WUE to fertilization showed the same trend as that of maize yield.Compared with chemical fertilizer alone,combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizer increased the WUE by 33.0%.WUE was positively correlated with maize yield and soil organic matter,and negatively correlated with water consumption during growth period.Compared with the single application of chemical fertilizer,the application of organic fertilizer increased soil organic matter and reduced the soil fertility contribution rate of water use efficiency.When soil organic matter content was greater than 25 g·kg^(-1),the soil fertility contribution of WUE decreased.In conclusion,combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizer improved WUE and ensured high and stable yield of maize,which was the best fertilization mode for dryland maize in Shanxi Province.