欧盟庇护政策对难民危机的差异化应对及其原因

Differentiated Responses of EU Asylum Policies to the Refugee Crisis and Their Reasons

欧盟庇护政策于20世纪90年代末开始发展,是欧洲一体化的重要部分。此后欧盟共经历了叙利亚和乌克兰两次难民危机,它们带来了类似的挑战,却得到了欧盟截然不同的政策回应。通过案例比较发现,欧盟庇护政策的边境控制和成员国偏好分别受到地缘政治因素和文化因素的影响,导致了在两次危机中的应对差异。地缘政治因素具有特殊性,欧盟庇护政策改革和未来难民治理需要在技术层面上做出改进,解决无政治利益影响下外部边境应对能力缺乏的问题。文化因素更需要被重视,欧盟需要发展出足够的共同体共识去弥合成员国的不同偏好和分歧,降低提供庇护的非物质成本,提高政策的实施成效。

The development of EU asylum policy began in the late 1990s and became an important part of European integration.Since then,the EU has experi⁃enced two refugee crises,one from Syria and one from Ukraine,which posed simi⁃lar challenges but received very different policy responses from the EU and its member states.A comparison of these two cases reveals that border controls and member state preferences in EU asylum policy were influenced by geopolitical and cultural factors respectively,leading to differentiated responses in the two crises.Geopolitical factors are specific,so EU asylum policy reform and future refugee governance need to be improved at the technical level to address the lack of capac⁃ity of border control while there are no extra political interests.Cultural factors are more important,the EU needs to develop sufficient consensus to bridge the diver⁃gence among member states,and to reduce the non-material costs of providing asylum and to improve the effectiveness of policy implementation.