王充对先秦诸子文风的继承——以名、法二家为中心的考察

Wang Chong's Inheritance of the Pre-Qin Philosopher's Writing Style--Studies Centered on the Logicians and the Legalist School

王充持论淡化道德伦理内涵、弱化价值判断,《论衡》部分篇章甚至只作事实判断,不作价值考量,价值理性完全让位于工具理性,文风冷酷、犀利、峭刻。这些基于功利主义立场提出的学说既缺乏必要的温情,又带有底层胥吏的政治空想意味,只是“治术”而非“治道”,注定不会被统治者采纳。王充行文特重概念界定的明晰性、文字转述的规范性、语言表达的准确性,但过度追求“综核名实”亦给《论衡》带来矫枉过正、“烦猥琐屑”、“乏精覈而少肃括”的缺陷,部分篇章甚至陷入名家末流“苟钩鈲鋠析乱”之弊。在讨论汉王朝政治文化建构、基层治理与士人出处等重大时代命题时,为达到特定的言说意图,王充惯于效法名家“操两可之说,设无穷之辞”的言说方式,借诡辩与横说证成己论,表现出强烈的理论建构倾向,同时流露出其对“言说趣味”的迷恋。《论衡》上述特点折射出中古子学嬗变之迹。

Wang Chong's academic viewpoints dilute the connotation of morality and ethics,weaken the value judg-ments,and some chapters in Lun Heng even only make factual judgments without considering value,and value ra-tionality completely gives way to instrumental rationality,which shows his writing style is cold,incisive and sharp.These theories raised based on the utilitarianism not only lack the necessary warmth,but also have the political uto-pian connotation of the lower-level bureaucrats.These theories are the political trickeries to rule the people and the guidelines,policies and measures for governing the state,which are destined not to be adopted by the rulers.Wang Chong pays special attention to the clarity of concept definition,the normativeness of textual representation and the accuracy of language expression in his writings.Due to his excessive pursuit of being unambiguous,Wang Chong brings the defects of overcorrection,"vexing trivial"and"lack of fine core and rigorousness"to Lun Heng.When discussing the major topics of the era,such as the construction of the political culture of the Han dynasty,the grass-roots governance and the provenance of scholars,Wang Chong is used to imitate the Logicians'"speaking ambiguous words,preparing infinite words"in order to achieve specific intention of speaking.He also proves his point of view through sophistry and multiple argument theory,showing a strong tendency of theoretical construction and revealing his fascination with"interesting speech"at the same time.The above-mentioned characteristics of Lun Heng reflect the evolution traces of various scholars'theories from the pre-Qin period to the Wei,Jin,Southern and Northern dy-nasties.