英国校园欺凌的法律规制与司法实践

Legal Regulation System and Judicial Practice of School Bullying in the United Kingdom

在英国,校园欺凌须涵盖力量失衡、损害后果、持续性及主观故意四个要素。针对校园欺凌行为,英国已形成较为完备的法律规制体系。一则,英国以学校为中心搭建了由“平等理念”与“三阶段义务”构成的法律框架。除了对存在特殊受保护需求的学生群体予以特别关注之外,学校还应在预防、干预及善后处理三阶段履行一系列反欺凌义务。二则,现行法律规制体系呈现公私法交叉规制之势,主要由民法、行政法及刑法中的若干制度组成,其中民事禁令、定期检查、报告机制以及犯罪行为令都是颇具特色的制度。判例法是英国制定法的重要补充,法院在长期司法实践中在责任认定、抗辩采纳等方面发展出了一系列富有智慧的裁判方法。英国的司法审查制度亦为受害者提供了有效救济。

In the United Kingdom,school bullying is characterized by four elements:an imbalance of power,pain,persistence,and premeditation.The country has established a comprehensive legal regulation system for addressing school bullying.On the one hand,the UK has developed a legal framework based on the"equality concept"and"three-stage obligations",with schools at its core.In addition to paying special attention to groups of students with special protection needs,schools are required to fulfill a series of anti-bullying obligations in the three stages of prevention,intervention,and post-treatment.On the other hand,the current legal regulation system demonstrates a trend of cross-regulation between public and private laws,primarily composed of several systems in civil law,administrative law,and criminal law.Among these systems,civil injunctions,periodic inspections,reporting mechanisms,and Criminal Behavior Orders are notable features.Case law is an important supplement to the enacted law in the United Kingdom.The courts have developed a series of wise judgment methods over the long-term judicial practice for liability determination and defense adoption.The British judicial review system also provides effective relief for victims.