中国城乡老年空巢家庭及空巢老年人的生存特征——基于2000~2020年全国人口普查数据的分析

Characteristics of the Empty-nest Elderly Households and the Empty-nest Elderly in the Urban and Rural Areas in China:Analysis Based on the National Census Data from 2000 to 2020

利用2000年、2010年和2020年全国人口普查数据,考察中国城乡老年空巢家庭的发展态势和空巢老年人状况。研究发现,2000年以来城市、镇和乡村老年人家庭空巢化水平不断提高,城市、镇和乡村间差异缩小。受人口老龄化与人口迁移流动的影响,东部省市乡村空巢化水平高于城市和镇,中西部、东北部省区市则主要呈现城市、镇空巢化水平高于乡村的模式。夫妇空巢主要以城市、镇和乡村79岁及以下的中低龄老年人为主,独居空巢主要以高龄老年人和丧偶老年女性为主,城市、镇夫妇空巢比例高于乡村,乡村独居空巢比例高于城市、镇,乡村老年人空巢形势更为严峻。独居空巢老年人,特别是乡村独居老年女性和未婚老年男性、城乡无保姆的生活不能自理的独居空巢老年人日常生活中将面临更大的养老风险,日常经济保障、生活照料和健康支持应得到相关政府、社会和社区的特别关注。

Using the national census data of 2000,2010,and 2020,this study examines the trend of the empty-nest elderly households and the situation of the empty-nest elderly in the urban and rural areas in China.The level of empty-nest elderly households has been increasing among the cities,towns,and rural areas since 2000,but the differences among them have been narrowed.The level of the empty-nest elderly in the rural areas is higher than that in the cities and towns in eastern provinces,while in central,western and northeastern provinces the level of the empty-nest elderly in the cities and towns is higher than that in the rural areas.Most empty-nest elderly couples are those aged 79 or below,and the majority of the empty-nest elderly living alone are widowed women or at the advanced age of 80.The proportion of the empty-nest elderly couple in the cities and towns is higher than that in the rural areas,and the proportion of the empty-nest elderly living alone in the rural areas is higher than that in the cities and towns.The situation of the empty-nests elderly in the rural areas is even more severe.The empty-nest elderly living alone,especially the rural elderly women living alone,the unmarried elderly men,and the elderly people living alone without nannies who cannot take care of themselves,will face greater risks in their daily lives.Daily economic security,daily care,and health support should receive special attention from the governments,the society,and the communities.