西周铜器铭文与《书》类文献之关系

The Relationship Between Western Zhou Bronze Inscriptions and the Shangshu Type Documents

学术界习惯上所定义的五类铜器铭文,赏赐类和《书》类文献有较多交集,其铭文“阀阅之辞”分记录式和自述式两种,前者有铸刻册命仪式过程的史官记录者,亦有记录册命过程中命官之辞者。记录命官之辞者,所铸内容或为一次册命中多名史官所记内容,或将史官多次相关记录最后汇总成编。通过比较可知,自述式的铭文有着明显的拼合倾向,而其所据的材料似乎都出自一个“共享库”。这个“共享库”或与史官文书、贵族私家所藏文书档案以及口传文化均有关联。从毛公鼎铭文对史官所记命官之辞的汇合整编处理来看,《书》类文献中已有整合数次训政之辞为一篇者,如《大诰》《洛诰》等。

Among the five categories of bronze inscriptions customarily defined by the academic community,the reward category and the Shangshu type documents have more intersections.There are two types of inscriptions in the boastful remarks part of reward category,the recorded type and the self-descriptive type.Among the former,there are historians who recorded the process of casting and engraving the registry ceremony,and there are also those who recorded the words of the registrar during the process of registry.The recorder of the words of the official,the content of the cast may be the contents of a single book of orders recorded by multiple officials;also seen in the record of the officials on the words of the official finally summarized into an editorial.The comparison shows that the self-referential inscriptions have a clear tendency to be collocated,and the materials on which they are based all seem to come from a“shared library”.This“shared library”may have been associated with both the documents of the historians and the private archives of the nobility,as well as with oral culture.From the convergence of the inscriptions of Mao Gong Ding on the rhetoric of the official orders recorded by the historical officials,it can be seen that there is already a consolidation of the rhetoric of several political instructions in the Shangshu class,such as the Da Gao and Luo Gao.