康德批判哲学与德国18、19世纪之交的法学科学化尝试

Kant's Critical Philosophy and the Scientication of Jurisprudence at the Turn of the 18th and 19th Century in Germany

康德批判哲学带来的认识论革命颠覆了理性自然法传统。经验性的实证法独立于自然法,而自然法变成先天的形式原则,独立的实证法学进而成为可能。“体系”第一次成为“科学”的内在品质,“体系”不再是符合教学目的的外在秩序,而是代表着科学知识的内在关联。由此,康德批判哲学在认识论层面为彼时的法学科学化讨论指明了方向——“实证性”与“体系性”,并传达出充满先验色彩的“过渡性科学”理念。在法学历史主义同时兴起的背景下,作为康德主义者的费尔巴哈、胡果,分别提出了内涵各异的“历史”“哲学”方法。前者试图实现康德的“过渡性科学”理念,主张实证法统一于自然法的先天的形式框架之中,并形成先验的体系。后者将作为法哲学的自然法演绎为法人类学,使实证法学完全脱离形而上学,但缺乏对法学的“体系性”关注。尽管如此,这些以康德批判哲学为认识基础的科学化尝试进一步构成了萨维尼以来的实证法律科学乃至法学形式主义的方法论基础。

The epistemological revolution brought about by Kant's critical philosophy overturned the tradition of rational natural law.Empirical positive law is independent of natural law,natural law becomes an innate formal principle,and thus independent positive law becomes possible.For the first time,"system"has become the internal quality of"science""System"is no longer an external order that meets the purpose of teaching but represents the internal connection of scientific knowledge.As a result,Kant's critical philosophy points out the direction for the scientific discussion of law at the epistemological level-"positivity"and"systematic",and conveys the concept of"transitional science",which is full of transcendental colors.In the context of the simultaneous rise of legal historicism,Feuerbach and Hugo,as Kantianists,respectively proposes"historical"and"philosophical"methods with different connotations.The former attempts to realize Kant's concept of"transitional science",advocates that positive law is unified in the inherent formal framework of natural law and therefore forms a priori system.The later deduces natural law as legal philosophy into legal anthropology,which makes positive law completely separate from metaphysics,but lacks the attention to the"systematic"of law.Nevertheless,these scientific attempts based on Kant's critical philosophy further constitute the methodological basis of positive legal science and legal formalism since Savigny.