朱熹“如在”诠释的哲学维度及其精神蕲向

The Philosophical Dimension of Zhu Xi's Interpretation on Sacrificial Rituals and Its Spiritual Orientation

朱熹对“如在”话语的诠释,并不从一般意义上“设想”鬼神在场获得其伦理政治和工夫论意义,而是在“理-气”关系的哲学维度去构建祭祀“感通”的真实性,并以之作为祭祀礼仪的真正依据。在朱熹的解释下,《论语》“祭如在”表达着弟子对孔子祭祀实态的客观描述,《中庸》“洋洋如在”则包含着从本体论到宇宙论层面对鬼神“流动充满”于祭祀空间的完整表达。在对“祖考精神便是自家精神”的细致发挥中,朱熹尤其强调,“来格”的虽然并非祖先生前的“已散之气”,但却是真实的“彼之精神”。对朱熹来说,祭祀“如在”绝非是“心知其不然而姑为是言以设教”,而是祭祀者“精神”经验的真切表达,有着“道理”上的合法性和“气之感应”的真实性。这一从哲学角度对祭祀“如在”的整全性解释,着重强调在特定信仰意向行为中一种强烈的、与超越性相关的精神经验,这一原发性精神经验,构成了儒家祭礼所有心理情感和社会功能的基础,凸显出儒家文明传统内具的整全精神秩序。

Zhu Xi's interpretation of sacrificial rituals,in comparison with some practical views,does not derive its ethical or political significance from a presumption of the presence of ghosts and gods,but constructs the authenticity of"Sensing and Communication"(感通)in these rituals from the philosophical dimension in terms of the relationship between Li(理)and Qi(气),and uses this relationship as the true basis for sacrificial rituals.According to his interpretation,the statement"sacrifice as if the ghosts were present"in Analects exhibits an objective description by Confucius'disciples about his sacrificial practices,while the"as if"discourse in the Doctrine of the Mean contains a complete expression of the flowing fullness of ghosts and spirits in the sacrificial space.In his meticulous portrayal of"the ancestral spirit is the spirit of one's own",Zhu Xi put a special emphasis upon this following point that although the spirit present at sacrificial rituals is not the ancestor's essential energy which is active during his lifetime,it is nevertheless"his spirit"in a true sense.For Zhu Xi,sacrifice rituals embrace a genuine expression of the sacrificer's own spiritual experience,i.e.,an experience endowed with a legitimacy for both ontology and cosmology.Zhuxi's philosophical interpretation of sacrificial rituals put stress on a strong spiritual experience which is associated with transcendence in specific intentional behaviors,while this primordial spiritual experience forms the very foundation for every psycho-emotional as well as social function of Confucian rituals,thereby highlighting the holistic order of spirituality inherent in Confucian civilization.