土耳其周边外交中西亚土库曼人的角色与影响

Turkmens of West Asia in Turkey's Peripheral Diplomacy:Role and Impacts

受族裔认同、地缘政治和库尔德问题等因素的复合驱动,近十余年来土耳其与西亚土库曼人经历了相互“重新发现”和认同增强的过程。土耳其试图将土库曼人扶植为本国的地区代理人,服务于其周边外交目标的实现。在叙利亚,土库曼人成为土耳其干涉叙内政、打击库尔德人和推行地区干涉政策的重要工具;在伊拉克,土耳其利用土库曼人制衡库尔德地区的独立野心,保持土在伊北部的影响力。然而,受到叙伊国内局势、土库曼人族群特征、土与叙伊两国中央政府及库尔德人之间复杂关系的影响,土耳其与两国土库曼人的互动方式及效果存在明显差异。叙利亚土库曼人的代理人色彩更浓厚,伊拉克土库曼人的伙伴角色则较为模糊和尴尬。土耳其与西亚土库曼人的密切互动乃至捆绑进一步撕裂了土周边国家内部的族群关系,加剧了其国内政治与治理格局的碎片化和脆弱性。

Driven by a combination of factors such as ethnic identity,geopolitics,and Kurdish issues,a process of mutual rediscovery and enhancement of identity has emerged between Turkey and the Turkmens of neighboring countries in past decades.Turkey is trying to cultivate Turkmens as its regional agents to serve its peripheral diplomatic goals.After the Syrian crisis broke out,the Syrian Turkmens became an important tool for Turkey to intervene in Syria's internal affairs,fight against the Kurds and its regional intervention policy.Iraqi Turkmens also help Turkey to balance the Kurds'independence ambitions,as well as maintain influence in northern Iraq.Turkey has adopted different policy objectives and intervention methods in Syria and Iraq,as well as differences in the way and policy effects of Turkey's support for the Turkmens in the two states.The Syrian Turkmen have become Turkey's proxy,while the role of the Iraqi Turkmen has been ambiguous.Turkey's policy to Turkmens has further torn apart ethnic relations within neighboring countries,exacerbating the fragmentation and fragility of the political governance structure of regional countries.