欺凌的界定:文化和发展的视角

The Definition of Bullying:From Cross-cultural and Developmental Perspectives

欺凌是个常见却复杂的现象,在不同文化背景下欺凌的内涵存在差异,不同年龄个体对欺凌的认识和理解也存在差异。本研究基于文化和发展的视角,系统梳理了国内外关于欺凌界定的研究,重点探讨了中国文化背景下欺凌的特征以及儿童青少年和成人对于欺凌的理解。总体上,“欺凌”一词与西方文化背景中的“bullying”一词的涵义基本一致。中文语境中,欺凌更强调蓄意伤害性和双方力量的不均衡性特征,不含重复发生性特征。相比儿童,青少年、成人对欺凌的认识更接近欺凌的科学定义。蓄意伤害性、力量不均衡性特征是青少年、成人判断欺凌事件的关键要素;重复发生性不是欺凌的关键特征,但却是儿童青少年和成人界定欺凌事件的重要线索,重复发生的伤害性事件更可能被认定为欺凌。最后,本文提出了明确欺凌界定对校园欺凌研究和防治实践的启示。

Bullying is a complex phenomenon.Clarifying the definition of bullying is a challenging but essential task.The connotation of the word"bullying"varies across cultures,and peoples'perceptions and understandings of bullying differed as a function of developmental stages.Based on cross-cultural and developmental perspectives,the current study reviewed the studies on the definition of bullying,discussed the nature of bullying in the context of Chinese culture as well as children and adolescents'understanding of bullying.Generally,the nature of"Qiling"in Chinese culture is comparable with"bullying"in Western cultures.Among three definitive characteristics(in-tention to harm,repetition,and power imbalance),the word"Qiling"highlights the intention to harm and power imbalance.Compared to children,adolescents'and adults'understandings of bullying are more precise and com-prehensive and more agreed with the scientific definition.Intention to harm and power imbalance are the key ele-ments when adolescents and adults distinguish bullying from other peer conflicts.Repetition is not one of key ele-ments of bullying,but is an essential cue to identify bullyingthe repetitive harmful incidents are more likely to be perceived as bullying.Finally,we proposed the implications of illuminating the definition of bullying on antibully-ing interventions.