清宫茯苓药材性状、产地及其加工:文物史料与文献史料的二重证据分析

Characteristics,origin,and processing of Poria in Qing Dynasty Palace:evidence of both historical relics and documents

茯苓是大宗常用中药,其药用历史悠久,品类复杂。清宫医案中收载有白茯苓、赤茯苓、朱茯苓等多种茯苓类药材。故宫博物院庋藏的茯苓类药材文物有茯苓个、白茯苓、赤茯苓、朱茯苓、白茯神、茯神木等6种。通过对故宫藏茯苓类药材文物进行性状鉴定,并结合清宫各类档案、历代本草文献梳理源流,发现清宫茯苓个为完整菌核,并不预先在产地加工切制,而是在清宫炮制加工成茯苓皮、白茯苓、赤茯苓、朱茯苓等茯苓类药材。此外,据清宫相关档案文献记载,清朝宫廷中所用茯苓多为云贵地区官员进贡所得,在整个清代进贡情形相对稳定,及至晚清贵州巡抚不再进贡茯苓,茯苓主要从云南进贡。该文结合了清宫茯苓类药材文物与清宫医案、药材底簿等档案文献,梳理了清宫茯苓各时期的产地,为了解清代宫廷用茯苓类药材的产地提供了珍贵史料,为后续清宫茯苓的产区溯源提供了参考;分析了清宫茯苓类药材规格,为研究清代清宫茯苓类药材的加工及应用提供依据。

Poria(Fu Ling)is a bulk traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)with a long history and complex varieties.The royal medical records of the Qing Dynasty include multiple medicinal materials of Fu Ling,such as Bai Fu Ling(white Poria),Chi Fu Ling(rubra Poria),and Zhu Fu Ling(Poria processed with cinnabaris).The Palace Museum preserves 6 kinds of specimens including Fu Ling Ge(dried Poria),Bai Fu Ling,Chi Fu Ling,Zhu Fu Ling,Bai Fu Shen(white Poria cum Radix Pini),and Fu Shen Mu(Poria cum Radix Pini).After trait identification and textual research,we found that Fu Ling Ge was an intact sclerotium,which was processed into Fu Ling Pi(Poriae Cutis),Bai Fu Ling and other medicinal materials in the Palace.The Fu Ling in the Qing Dynasty Palace was mainly from the tribute paid of the officials in Yunnan-Guizhou region.The tribute situation was stable in the whole Qing Dynasty,and changed in the late Qing Dynasty.The cultural relics of Fu Ling in the Qing Dynasty Palace confirm with the archival documents such as the royal medical records and herbal medicine books,providing precious historical materials for understanding Fu Ling in the Qing Dynasty and a basis for the restoration of the processing of the Fu Ling in the Qing Dynasty Palace.