古代史籍、笔记中的海南民族民俗书写与文化启示

The Description of Hainan Ethnicity and Folk in Ancient Historical Books or Notes and its Cultural Enlightenment

中国古代文献中关于海南岛及其风土民俗的记录,自汉代以来已形成“正史”与“笔记小说”两类体系。因先秦时形成的“华夷之辨”这一相对狭隘的民族观对传统文人的撰述立场及文化理念影响深刻,故在汉魏六朝时期的这两类著述中,对海南民族民俗相关记述较少,相关内容基本以搜奇述异为主,其记述目的多出于以海南区位之远与其民族、民俗之“异”为衬托,来咏颂圣德和王化施行流播范围之广与意义之大。汉魏六朝时期这两类文献体系中对海南民族民俗文化的记录,总体上是一种“述异式”书写。但唐宋以来的各类文人笔记中,因作者身份的变化、作者阶层的扩大以及时代变革、审美趣味变化等原因,对海南及其民族民俗文化的书写呈现出与汉晋时期截然不同的面貌,从早期带有排他性的“述异式”书写,演变为带有理解与认同的“多元性”书写。

The records of Hainan island and its folklore in ancient Chinese documents have formed two major types of systems:“official history”and“notebook novel”since the Han Dynasty.Because the relatively narrow national view of“discrimination between Hua and Yi”formed in the pre-Qin period had a profound impact on the writing position and cultural concept of traditional literati,there are few accounts of Hainan ethnic folklore in these two types of works during the Han,Wei period and the Six Dynasties period.Most of the records are content of the strange memory.The purpose of writing is mostly to set off the distance of Hainan’s location and the“difference”of its ethnic and folk customs,in order to praise the wide scope and significance of the spread of The saints morality and kingcraft.In these two document systems during the Han,Wei period and the Six Dynasties period,the writing of Hainan is generally a kind of“narrating distinction”.However,in the various literati notes from the Tang and Song dynasties onwards,due to the expansion of the author’s class,the changes of the times,and changes in aesthetic taste,the writing of Hainan and its ethnic folk culture was presenting a completely different appearances,evolving from the early exclusive“narrating distinction”to“pluralistic writing”with understanding and identity.