绵羊重要经济性状可用遗传标记研究进展

Research Advance on Available Genetic Markers for Important Economic Traits in Sheep

绵羊作为重要的经济动物,是人类社会肉、奶和皮毛的来源之一。生长性状、胴体性状、繁殖性状、产毛性状、抗病及耐寒等都是绵羊生产和遗传育种研究领域的重要经济性状,了解这些性状的分子遗传基础,确定关键功能基因以及遗传标记位点有利于提高重要经济性状选择的准确性,进而加速绵羊经济性状的遗传改良。随着基因组重测序、转录组测序和甲基化测序等技术的发展以及全基因组关联分析技术的成熟,有关绵羊表型性状与基因型的关联分析报道较多,挖掘到一系列绵羊经济性状相关的候选基因和遗传标记。作者主要从生长发育、繁殖、尾脂沉积和羊毛生产4个角度对近几年筛选到的可用遗传标记基因进行总结,挑选出一些明星基因,如肌细胞增强因子(myocyte enhancer factor 2B,MEF2B)和生长抑素受体1(somatostatin receptor 1,SSTR1)影响绵羊体重;椎骨发育相关基因(vertebrae development associated,VRTN)是决定胸椎数量的主效基因;繁殖力基因(fecundity booroola,FecB)、骨形态发生蛋白15(bone morphogenetic protein 15,BMP15)和卵泡刺激素受体(follicle stimulating hormone receptor,FSHR)等与绵羊的繁殖性状相关;血小板衍生生长因子D(platelet derived growth factor D,PDGFD)和BMP 2基因在肥尾羊中被强烈选择,在尾部脂肪沉积中有重要作用;Agouti信号蛋白(agouti signaling protein,ASIP)和黑皮质素1受体(melanocortin 1 receptor,MC1R)等与绵羊毛色显著相关。同时对影响绵羊经济性状的可用遗传标记基因突变位点、碱基变化及突变类型进行综述,为后续绵羊遗传育种研究提供了思路。

As an important economic animal,sheep is one of the sources of meat,milk and fur in human society.Growth traits,carcass traits,breeding traits,reproductive traits,disease resistance and cold resistance are important economic traits of production and genetic breeding in sheep,understanding the molecular genetic basis of these traits,determining the key functional genes and genetic markers are conducive to improve the accuracy of important economic trait selection,and accelerate the genetic improvement of economic traits in sheep.With the development of genome resequencing,transcriptome sequencing and methylation sequencing,as well as the maturity of genome-wide association analysis technologies,there were many reports on the association analysis of phenotypic traits and genotypes in sheep,and a series of candidate genes and genetic marker related to economic traits in sheep have been excavated.The author summarized the available genetic marker genes screened in recent years mainly from the perspectives of growth and development,reproduction,tail lipid deposition and wool production,and selected some star genes,such as myocyte enhancer factor 2B(MEF2B)and somatostatin receptor 1(SSTR1)affected body weight in sheep.Vertebrae development associated gene(VRTN)was a major gene that determines the number of thoracic vertebrae.Fecundity booroola(FecB),bone morphogenetic protein 15(BMP15)and follicle stimulating hormone receptor(FSHR)were related to the breeding characters of sheep.Platelet derived growth factor D(PDGFD)and BMP 2 genes were strongly selected in Fat-tailed sheep,and played an important role in tail fat deposition.Signaling protein agouti(ASIP)and melanocortin 1 receptor(MC1R)were significantly associated with hair color in sheep.The mutation sites,base changes and mutation types of available genetic markers affecting economic traits in sheep were summarized in this paper,which provided ideas for the subsequent research on genetic breeding in sheep.