婴幼儿配方奶粉中22种抗生素污染特征及暴露风险

Study on pollution characteristics and human exposure of 22 antibiotic in infant milk powder

作为一类新污染物,抗生素的环境污染及其潜在的健康风险受到国内外的广泛关注.作为主要的抗菌药物和生长促进剂,抗生素在养殖业和畜牧业中的广泛使用可能会使其在奶粉等农副产品中有一定水平的残留,对人体尤其婴幼儿等易感人群造成潜在的危害.本研究以婴幼儿奶粉为研究对象,采集41个国内外常见市售婴幼儿品牌奶粉,利用液相色谱串联质谱仪(LC-MS/MS)测定奶粉中22种抗生素的含量,并评价婴幼儿奶粉中抗生素对婴幼儿等易感人群的健康风险.研究表明,抗生素在婴幼儿配方奶粉普遍存在,但残留水平较低(μg·kg^(−1)).其中喹诺酮类抗生素含量略高(ΣQNs平均值2.92μg·kg^(−1),浓度范围0.49—20.1μg·kg^(−1)),而磺胺(ΣSAs平均浓度0.39μg·kg^(−1),0.03—2.93μg·kg^(−1))和大环内酯类(ΣMCs平均浓度0.16μg·kg^(−1),低于检出限(LOD)—1.14μg·kg^(−1))抗生素浓度普遍较低.统计分析表明不同阶段和不同奶源婴幼儿配方奶粉中抗生素残留水平无显著性差异(P>0.05).总体来看,婴幼儿的暴露水平均处在较低的水平.其中喹诺酮类抗生素的日暴露水平较高(均值范围3.40—13.2 ng·kg^(−1)·d^(−1)·bw),最高可达430 ng·kg^(−1)·d^(−1)·bw,而磺胺(1.04—4.05 ng·kg^(−1)·d^(−1)·bw)和大环内酯类(1.07—4.14 ng·kg^(−1)·d^(−1)·bw)抗生素的日暴露水平最低,均低于《动物性食品中兽药最高残留限量》中日允许摄入量(ADI).因此,婴幼儿配方奶粉中所残留有抗生素,但尚不会对婴幼儿的成长发育造成明显的危害.

Antibiotics,an emerging group of environmental contaminant,have attracted wide attention due to their potential risks on human health and ecosystems.As a class of antibacterial drugs and growth promoters,antibiotics are widely used in livestock farming,which may cause a certain level of antibiotic residues in infant milk powder and pose a potential threat to infants and young children.In the present study,41 common brands of infant milk powder were collected from domestic and foreign markets,and the levels of 22 antibiotics in the milk powder were determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS),and the health risks of antibiotics in infant milk powder to susceptible people such as infants and young children were evaluated.The results revealed that antibiotics were widely distributed in the infant milk powder.Quinolones were the predominant compounds with mean concentrations of 2.92μg·kg^(−1)(0.49—20.1μg·kg^(−1)),which were one order of magnitude higher than those of sulfonamides(mean:0.39μg·kg^(−1),0.03—2.93μg·kg^(−1))and macrolides(mean:0.16μg·kg^(−1),<limits of detection(LODs)—1.14μg·kg^(−1)).Statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference in antibiotic residues in infant milk powder at different stages and from different milk sources(P>0.05).The results showed that the average daily dose(ADD)of quinolone in infant milk powder was high(max:430 ng·kg^(−1)·d^(−1)·bw;mean 3.40—13.2 ng·kg^(−1)·d^(−1)·bw),while the ADD of sulfonamide(1.04—4.05 ng·kg^(−1)·d^(−1)·bw)and macrolides(1.07—4.14 ng·kg^(−1)·d^(−1)·bw)were relatively low.Overall,the exposure of antibiotics in the milk powder to infants was at a low level,which were lower than acceptable daily intake(ADI)values.Therefore,the antibiotic residues in infant milk powder will not cause significant harm to the growth and development of infants.