数据垄断的法律规制

Legal regulation of data monopoly

作为数字经济时代重要的市场资源,数据能够为经营者提供竞争优势,潜在竞争者难以承受数据运营递增的成本,这些构成了数据垄断产生的缘由。因数据权属模糊、算法应用隐蔽多样以及数据作用具有多边性,现行的相关市场界定方法与以市场份额作为主要标准的市场竞争力量评价方法已无法有效适用于数据垄断。通过对国内外数据垄断案例进行类型化分析可知,经营者利用数据优势实施垄断行为,主要表现为经营者可利用数据共享机制与算法结合来实施垄断协议的行为,利用数据优势实施歧视性交易、附加不合理交易条件等滥用市场支配地位行为,以及以数据整合为目的实施经营者集中的行为。现行反垄断法对于这些新型垄断行为并未形成有效规制,为了解决上述问题,通过设立以共同共有划定数据权属、禁止以格式条款获取用户数据、数据处理过程公开以及数据爬虫协议应以获得用户个人授权为基础等遏制数据滥用的条款,以反事实推演法认定滥用市场支配地位,增设滥用市场相对支配地位条款,在我国《反垄断法》《国务院反垄断委员会关于平台经济领域的反垄断指南》《禁止垄断协议规定》等有关经营者集中申报、审查相关规定中,增设以数据集中度作为经营者集中申报标准与以数据壁垒、限制创新等来判断经营者集中的竞争效果的相关规定,能够有效规制经营者利用数据优势实施垄断行为,维护数据要素市场竞争秩序。

As an important market resource in the digital economy era,data can provide operators with competitive advantages,and potential competitors are unable to bear the increasing cost of data operation,which constitutes the reason for the emergence of data monopoly.The current definition method of relevant market and the evaluation method of market competitive power with market share as the main standard cannot be effectively applied to data monopoly because of the fuzzy ownership of data,the hidden and diverse application of algorithms,and the multilateral role of data.Based on the typological analysis of data monopoly cases at home and abroad,it can be concluded that the monopolistic behavior of operators using data advantages is mainly manifested in that operators can use data sharing mechanisms and algorithms to implement monopoly agreements,use data advantages to implement discriminatory transactions,attach unreasonable trading conditions and other acts of abusing market dominance,and implement concentration of operators for the purpose of data integration.The current antitrust law has not effectively regulated this new type of monopolistic behavior.In order to address the above issues,data abuse clauses such as defining data ownership through common ownership,adding prohibitions on obtaining user data through format clauses,making data processing processes public,and data crawler agreements based on obtaining user personal authorization are used to curb data abuse.The counterfactual deduction method is used to determine the abuse of market dominance.The provisions on abuse of relative dominant position in the market and the provisions on declaration and review of concentration of undertakings in China’s Anti-monopoly Law,Anti-monopoly Guidelines of the Anti-monopoly Committee of the State Council in the Field of Platform Economy,Provisions on the Monopoly Prohibition Agreement and other relevant provisions on declaration and review of concentration of undertakings are added with data concentration as the declaration standard of concentration of undertakings and with data barriers,restrictions on innovation and other relevant provisions on judging the competitive effect of concentration of undertakings.It can effectively regulate operators to use data advantages to implement monopoly behavior and maintain the competitive order of data factor market.