俄乌冲突背景下波兰对俄外交战略溯源——“雅盖隆思想”的复兴与波兰东方政策

Origins of Poland's Diplomatic Strategy towards Russia against the Backdrop of Russia-Ukraine Conflict:Revival of the"Jagiellonian Idea"and Poland's Eastern Policy

自俄乌冲突爆发以来,波兰采取强硬的对抗与遏制俄罗斯的外交战略。理解这一外交战略,需要回溯波兰政治文化遗产“雅盖隆思想”及其指引下的波兰东方政策。在战略文化的层面,雅盖隆思想是对作为波兰历史“黄金时期”雅盖隆王朝历史记忆的追溯和沿用;在地缘政治的层面,雅盖隆思想强调波兰东方政策的传统,主要战略意图是防范俄罗斯,限制俄罗斯在乌克兰、白俄罗斯以及立陶宛的影响,进而与东部邻国共同建立反俄联盟。19世纪以来,雅盖隆思想共经历了三次复兴。冷战结束后,雅盖隆思想指导下的波兰外交政策的最显著特征,是对欧盟和北约成员国身份的使用。波兰借助雅盖隆思想的文化基础与俄罗斯争夺对俄波中间地带国家的影响力。俄乌冲突以来,波兰已经成为塑造欧洲东部安全秩序的关键角色。雅盖隆思想指导下的波兰外交政策,继续强调波兰对欧洲东部安全秩序的构想和将这一思想变为现实的雄心。但是,雅盖隆思想的复兴无助于弥合目前波兰与俄罗斯分裂的地缘政治主张与利益分歧,甚至会加剧欧洲与俄罗斯意识形态的对抗与冲突。

Since the outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine conflict,Poland has adopted a tough diplomatic strategy of confrontation and containment of Russia.It is necessary to date back to the"Jagiellonian idea",Poland's political heritage,and Poland's Eastern policy to understand this diplomatic strategy.At the level of strategic culture,the Jagiellonian idea is a retrospective reference of the historical memory of the Jagiellonian dynasty,which is the"golden age"of Poland.At the geopolitical level,the Jagiellonian idea emphasizes the tradition of Poland's Eastern policy,with the main strategic intention of guarding against Russia,limiting Russian influences in Ukraine,Belarus,and Lithuania,and building anti-Russian alliances with its eastern neighbors.Since the 19th century,the Jagiellonian idea has undergone three revivals.After the end of the Cold War,the most striking feature of Poland's foreign policy guided by the Jagiellonian ideology is the employment of its memberships both in the European Union and the NATO.Based on cultural foundations of the Jagiellonian idea,Poland competed with Russia for influences over the middle zone between Russia and Poland.After the Russia-Ukraine conflict broke out,Poland has become a key player in shaping the security order in Eastern Europe.Poland's foreign policy,guided by the Jagiellonian idea,continues to emphasize Poland's vision for a security order in Eastern Europe and its ambition to translate it into reality.However,the revival of Jagiellonian idea will not help bridge the current geopolitical differences in opinions and interests between Poland and Russia,and will even exacerbate ideological confrontation and conflict between Europe and Russia.