藏文伏藏文献《神鬼遗教》史料来源及叙事母题探析

An Analysis of the Historical Sources and Narrative Motifs of a Tibetan'Gterma'Literature,the Chronicle of the Gods

《五部遗教》中的《神鬼遗教》是一部伏藏文本,学界对其内容来源的研究仍处于比较模糊的状态。文章通过比较研究得出,《神鬼遗教》是由金刚普巴橛的历史与莲花生入蕃事迹结合而成的一部伏藏文献。文中关于莲花生和金刚普巴橛的叙事母题最早可以追溯到敦煌吐蕃历史文书P.T.44号,而《神鬼遗教》的8-16章中莲花生与夜叉“郭玛卡”的斗争又与辛饶弥沃传记《塞米经》的11-12章内容具有高度的一致性,并且都是佛魔斗争母题的再现与重构。莲花生进入吐蕃后降伏各地鬼神的叙事模式,在敦煌文献P.T.307和《娘氏宗教源流》《莲花生本生传·赤铜洲》中能够找到与之相应的母题。因此,《神鬼遗教》的史料来源是多元的,其内容源流最早可以追溯到11世纪以前的文献。

The Chronicle of the Gods(Iha-vdre-bka-thang)of The Five Chronicles(bka-thang-sde-lnga)is a'gter ma'text,and the origin of its contents remains relatively obscure.In this article,a comparative study reveals that The Chronicle of the Gods combines the historical legends of Vajrakilaya and the historical events of Padmasambhava coming to the Tubo(the ancient Tibet).The narrative motifs of the text about Padmasambhava and Vajrakilaya can be can be traced back P.T.44.And the story of the clash of Padmasambhava and a yaksha named Gomakha(gnod-sbyin rgod-ma-kha)in chapters 8-16 of The Chronicle of the Gods is highly consistent with the content of chapters 11-12 of the biography of Shenrab Miwo(gshen-rab-mi-bo),in Mdo-gser-mig,and they both reconstruct the motif of the struggle between the Buddha and the demons.The narrative pattern of the story of Padmasambhava coming to the Tubo and subduing demons in various places can be found in Dunhuang Literature P.T.307 and a work of the religious origins and development named Nyang-chos-vbyung in Tibetan and the biography of Padmasambhava Zangs-gling-ma.Thus,the historical sources of The Chronicle of the Gods are diverse,and its content can be traced back to the literature of as early as the 11^(th)century.