民法典签署制度纵横论

On the Signing System of Civil Code

《民法典》第四百九十条旨在确认当事人以合同书形式订立合同时的成立时点。为准确适用该条,需要进行体系化解释和精细化构造。当事人是否采用合同书,取决于当事人约定。书面形式包括合同书,合同书包括确认书。确认书签署并无特别之处,因此确认书成立条款应当按照合同书理解。签署旨在确认合同条款,签名、盖章与按指印之间为确认意思之表示,应根据合同自由理解签署方式。签名只需名字具有识别性,且签名只对其上或其前文字产生效力覆盖。盖章与签名一样,在于确证当事人对合同条款认可。理论与实务上都需要区分不同印章类型,以认定当事人是否具有订约意思。举证责任上,需要区分举证对象为“章”还是“盖”而有所不同。

Article 490 of the Civil Code is intended to confirm the time of establishment of the contract concluded by the parties in the form of a letter of contract.In order to apply this article accurately,it needs systematic interpretation and fine construction.It is necessary to make clear whether the parties adopt the letter of contract or not depends on the agreement of the parties.The written form includes the letter of contract and the letter of contract includes the confirmation letter.There is nothing special about the signature of the confirmation letter,so the terms of establishment of the confirmation letter should be understood in accordance with the letter of contract.The purpose of signature is to confirm the terms of the contract,and the signature,seal and fingerprint are the expression of confirmation intention,which should be understood freely according to the contract.The signature only requires that the name is recognizable and the signature only produces effective coverage to the text on it or before it.The seal,like the signature,lies in confirming the parties’approval of the terms of the contract.In theory and practice,it is necessary to distinguish different types of seals in order to determine whether the parties have contractual intention.In terms of the burden of proof,it is necessary to distinguish whether the object of proof is“seal”or“stamp”.