康德早期之自然神学批判

Kant’s Criticism of Physico-Theology in Pre-critical Philosophy

康德对上帝存在的证明始于1755年,而其关于自然神学的考察则早在第一批判之前的《一般自然史与天体理论》和《证明上帝存在惟一可能的证据》中就已经显现。在前一著作中,康德在阐述上帝与宇宙秩序生成的关系时,反对因“上帝之手”的干预而形成事物井然有序的现状这一自然神学立场,主张用自然规律来解释宇宙万物的起源和运行问题。而在后一著作及同时期的诸多逻辑学讲义中,康德在承继前一理论的基础上,借助对事物“本质”“自然”等概念的分析,具体探讨了自然对象、自然规律及上帝之间的复杂关系,并借助“可能性”这一概念证明了上帝的存在。诚然,关于康德前批判哲学时期的神学立场,已有不少讨论,但“建构的万有在神论”(constitutive panentheism)这一概括无疑更为契合康德的思想主旨,而其批判哲学时期基于范导性原则之上的上帝理念,无疑与此有着千丝万缕的联系。

Kant's proof of the existence of God began in 1755,although,his examination of physicotheology had already appeared in Naturgeschichte and Beweisgrund before Kritik der reinen Vernunft.For the former,when explaining the relationship between God and cosmic order,Kant opposed the physico-theological position of forming the orderly state of things formed by the intervention of the hand of God,and explained the origin and operation of all things in the universe by the law of nature.In the case of the latter,Kant specifically explored the complex relations among natural objects,natural laws and God,and proved the existence of God in the concept of“possibility”based on inheriting the previous theory,with studying the concepts of“essence”and“nature”.Indeed,there have been many discussions about the theological position of the pre-critical Kant,but the constitutive panentheism is undoubtedly more in line with the theme of Kant's thought.Undoubtedly,Kant's idea of God in critical period based on the regulative principle closely connected to it.